Effect of Unethical Behavior Article Analysis Essay

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, passed in congress in 2002 is designed to protect investors from the potential of fraudulent corporate accounting activities. This act strictly mandates reform, aimed directly to prevent fraud and improve corporate financial disclosures (INVESTOPEDIA, 2012). As a result of several confidence shaking investor accounting scandals that occurred during the late 90s which involved high profile corporations such as Enron, WorldCom and Tyco, a much required overhaul regarding financial statements and regulatory standards laid the foundation for the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This act is making the accounting world more accessible to others for auditors to come in and help in checking the books. It will hold the executives and directors accountable for the internal controls of the company especially with the threat of imprisonment if the internal controls are not maintained. The act ensures that a â€Å"checks and balance† internal auditing of the accounting cycle for the company and investors to keep their assets in check. The role of internal audits is to ensure that Institute of Internal Auditor’s Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing Standard 300 Scope of Work be followed. The scope of the internal audit should encompass the examination and evaluation of the adequacy and effectiveness of the organization’s system of internal control and the quality of performance in carrying out assigned responsibilities (M. Wood Company, 2012). The internal audit standards are to review the dependability and integrity of financial and operating information and the resource being used to identify measure and classify those reports. The standard requires the system be reviewed to ensure compliance with those policies, plans, procedure, laws and regulations which may have a huge impact on operations and reporting. The standard is used to review the methods in place to safeguarding assets and verify that the assets protected exist. The final purpose of the standard is to appraise the economy and the efficiency with the means that are employed by a corporation. It is important to note that policies and rules are also enforced to uphold the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Sections 302, 401, 404 and 805 in particular address key requirements as it pertains to effecting financial statements. Section 302 requires senior managers to certify the accuracy of the reports along with establishing internal controls are set in place for the purpose of increasing report accuracy, ensuring honesty and ultimately providing financial protection for the investors. Section 401 ensures that statements may not contain fraudulent information. Section 404 provides for the necessary rules for annual reporting as well as addresses management auditing structures. Lastly, section 805 provides the guidelines for federal sentencing relating to criminal fraud and obstruction of justice. (Hazels, Nov/Dec) A very important question that should be asked is how well main stream America understands the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and how it has effected them? Another pressing area to uncover is how it has affected the US economy over the past ten years? Lastly, it would be interesting to understand how US companies interface globally with countries not held to the same standards. References Hazels, B. (Nov/Dec 2010). Eight Years After The Fact Is SOX Working? A Look At The Brooke Corporation. Journal of Business Case Studies, 6(6.6), 19-29. Invesotopedia. (2012). Sarbanes-Oxley Act Of 2002 – SOX. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sarbanesoxleyact.asp#axzz2BCoqABsQ M. Wood Company. (2012, November 1). The role of Internal Audit in Complying with Sarbanes- Oxley. Retrieved from http://www.mwoodco.com/value/Internal_Audit_7-03.pdf

Advantages and disadvantagesof city life Essay

A city no doubt offers many tempting comforts and conveniences, pleasures and pass times, openings and opportunities, and that is why people from the country-side are pouring into it in thousands. In a city, there are schools, colleges, business houses and technical institutes, hospitals, charitable institutions, hospitals, cinemas, play – grounds, stadiums, parks, gardens and easy means of transport and communication. If we have sufficient money, we can have the best food and clothing, the best accommodation, the best education, the best of medical treatment and the best of entertainment. Disadvantages Even though the city life has its advantages, city life is far from being all good. The city is overpopulated, polluted, noisy, contaminated, filthy and smoky. The life can be disrupted by pollution, noise, corruptions and crime. City living can be very rushed and worried. Also in the city money is admired and money is indeed the core of all evils. The city with its insane pursuit for money and pleasures. It doesn’t accommodate the best environment for everyone; considering the development of the young. Some of the young residents fall into bad crowds, in a busy environment it’s easier to be introduced to smoking, drinking, gambling, drug taking etc. These conditions of a city life can pose a great threat to social harmony and advancements. A society that’s filled with crime and violence can make it difficult for some to grow and be successful. In the city it’s easier to be surrounded by all these corruptions than in the mild and calm country life. Some people prefer to live in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big city. Which place would you prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. Read more: Village and city life essay There are undeniable advantages to both life in a big city and in a small town. The former offers more excitement and convenience while the latter offers a cleaner, quieter and often friendlier place to live. However, despite the advantages of small town life, I prefer to live in a big city for several reasons. First, life in the city is more convenient. More goods are available and stores are open later. Also, there is better public transportation so it is easier to get around. I can find almost anything I want easily in the city. Second, there are more ways to spend leisure time in the city. There are many places I can go to meet friends and have fun. Finally, and most importantly, the city offers more educational and career opportunities. The city often attracts the best teachers and the best companies. There is also a wider choice of jobs so it is easier to move up the career ladder. For all of these reasons, I prefer to live in the city. Although I sometimes miss the fresh air and quiet life of a small town, nothing can make up for the opportunities that the city offers me. If one wants to be successful, I believe the best place to live is the city. Advantages and disadvantages of city life Last update on March 23, 2013 under Bangladesh, Composition William Cowper, the famous English poet, wrote, â€Å"God made the country and man-made the town. † So, man has attraction to city life because he can enjoy more advantages by living in city. City Life More opportunities for work and employment: In a city there are more opportunities for work and employment. There are many offices, industries and factories in a city. Better scope of education: There are more schools and colleges in a city. So there is better scope of education. More and better medical facilities: In a city people get more and better medical facilities than the people of village. In a city there are more hospitals and clinics . there are more qualified doctors in a city. Easier communication: Science has made the world smaller. It has invented and discovered many means and ways of communication. So communication has become easier, in a city people can communicate with one another over telephone. Telex, fax etc. , through less inconvenience. Easier transportation: In a city people need not go to distant places on foot. There are various types of vehicles in a city by which people can reach a place earlier and faster with less trouble. More scope for art. Culture and literature: People in a city have more scope of practicing art culture and literature. There are more cultural centres and literary clubs. More scope of cultivating intellect: Since most of the people in a city have more scope of practicing art culture and literature. There are more cultural centres and literary clubs. More recreational facilities: In a city people enjoy more recreational facilities, there are many cinema halls. Theatre, clubs, parks etc. More comfortable domestic life: In a city domestic life is more comfortable . woman needs not go to bring water, to collect fire wood etc. to light kerosene lamp etc. More civic facilities: In a city people enjoy more civic facilities; they get everything at their hand Disadvantages: There is no unmixed blessing on earth. Everything has its merits and demerits. Similarly city life has some demerits than merits. Pollution: Air is more polluted in a city. It gets polluted in many ways, people cannot breath in pure air. Besides this, there arewater pollution and sound pollution. Higher standard of living: In a city the standard of living is costlier and higher, people of limited income lead income their life through much hardship, the price of things are very higher. More violence and crime: More violence and crime take place in a city, the criminals do not hesitate to commit crime, violence, killing, hijacking and so many crimes and anti-social activities. More in secured life: Life in a city is more in secures. People have no safety and security, less scope of enjoying of natural beautiful flowers and murmuring streams on the earth below. He cannot hear the sweet songs of birds. More traffic jam: Sometimes people in a city get stuck in a traffic jam and as a result they suffer more. Less scope of getting fresh things: there is less scope of getting fresh things, in a city there is adulteration in everything. Less scope of enjoying life: he is always in a hurry as if some invisible demon, the demon of materialism, drives him on with a whip in hand. In short, life here is so artificial that man soon loses his divine origin and becomes almost a machine. Above all, a city is a veritable university for men who like to acquire wisdom from observation and experience. Someone has truly said: if you would be known and not know, live in a village; if you would know and be unknown, live in a city.

Differences Between the French and Spanish

Englishmen migrated to the New World because they wanted independence, political freedom, and economic opportunity. The Spanish came as conquerors; the resulting political system was entirely autocratic and solely devoted to the furthering of the motherland. Spain gave its colonies little self-rule. Instead, Spanish rulers dictated all the policies of its New World territories. The English and Spanish both wanted to explore and find new territories too politically and economically control. The Spanish colonies developed economically by using the Encomienda system.In this system, Spanish lords exploited and manipulated Native Americans and used them to do manual labor on the land. The Spanish looted large amounts of gold, silver, and other valuables from this new land. This tradition continued into the seventeenth century as Spanish ships would come annually to bring gold and other valuables back to Spain. The Spanish tax burden was very unevenly distributed: it fell more on the poor than the rich, heavily on the agricultural sector, and on Castile far more than Aragon or the Basque country.But the Spanish government's expenditure continued to climb: – in the first twelve years of Philip III's reign, he spent over 40 million ducats on the Low Countries' wars alone. To cover the shortfall, the Spanish government both borrowed money by being interested in bearing state bonds and assigned the revenues from future years to the bankers if they would pay the defense contracts for the present year. By 1607 the government had a debt of almost 23 million ducats and had assigned away all its revenue for four years ahead. By 1644 the crown's income was pledged to 1648; and by 1664 the crown owed more than 21 million ducats.The English Colonies had abundant natural resources. Their economy prospered in the fur trade, fishing, lumbering, farming and other industries that produced raw materials. This abundance of natural resources stimulated trade into the colonies as developed industries in Europe required raw materials to convert into refined goods. Combined with England's tradition of partial representation, the English Colonies had a large degree of self-government. In 1603, moderate Puritans in England hoped the new monarch, James I, would be sympathetic to their iews, since he had been raised in Calvinist Scotland. Although this did not prove to be the case, the Puritans still tried to work within the religious system while he was king. The colonies all had some form of a representative assembly that was voted in by popular support. While only white male landowners could vote, this still constituted some degree of democracy. In some colonies, even the governors were decided by popular vote. The English and Spanish colonies were established for completely different reasons. England colonizes North America.English colonies were first established by the Puritans who were seeking refuge, freedom of religion, and economic opportunity. The Englis h colonists enjoyed far more freedom. English had established dominance in North America. The Spaniards came to America's on accident in a futile attempt to find an alternate trade route to china, with a thriving community, complex architecture and cities of gold. Conquistadors, soldiers, and missionaries were the primary Spanish colonizers; farmers and traders came later. Colonies were governed by crown-appointed viceroys or governors. Settlers had to obey the king's laws and could make none of their own.

Research proposal on prospective memory Coursework

Research proposal on prospective memory - Coursework Example Since by definition, prospective memory basically pertains to remembering to do something at a particular moment (or time period) in the future, one must recall a remembrance of the intention (the prospective component) yet to be performed, as well as the contents of such intention (Mc Daniel and Einstein, 2007). There could be several untapped avenues where growth to resolving issues with prospective memory may be perceived originating. This is due to the fact/natural consequence that there is no need to execute the intended action right away with respect to time and thought of prospecting to be reminded of the intention, otherwise immediate execution would seem trivial being not in coincidence with the prospect, a projection letting further recollection to happen whether event-based or time-based (Mc Daniel and Einstein, 2007). Remembering to meet a colleague, attend an important conference at a particular time, or placing a book under a pillow to remind a person to do review on constantly feeling the book’s hardness while napping all begin with intention and would take some time prior to the moment of operation. Cue identification is crucial in the process of evaluating whether a prospective memory task has been adequately brought about. With this ground, attentional monitoring must be realized by checking for signals from the environment that would call intention to mind so that one may prepare to act accordingly. If, on the other hand, a firm resolve is made prior, one may retain focus unconsciously and have spontaneous retrieval work to draw on intention instead (Mc Daniel and Einstein, 2007). The approach to research may be initiated using concepts of cognitive resources and of accessibility in order to either evaluate the influence of a person and situation or influences prior to the moment of remembering the behavior, respectively, so that such primary study may constitute proper categorical placement of individuals with prospective

Old American Special Occasion Baskets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Old American Special Occasion Baskets - Essay Example We would also be advertising this website as much as we can, so as to get people to visit our website, on which they would be able to find more information about our business. The site will also contain contact information, for customers and prospective customers to reach the shops administration via e-mail, and also by live chat. We envision our shop to be the most up-to-date, fastest, most accessible and the most outstanding gift basket shop in the whole area. Our store will boast of everything that our clients want, ranging from birthday gifts to thanksgiving gifts, and "Thank You" gift baskets. We aim to ensure that clients feel extremely comfortable and awed whenever they enter our shop. We will be filling the store with 20th century charm, but also surround it with the 21st century comfort. As a short-term goal, we also plan to carry out extensive promotions in the area and on the Internet. We would hand out fliers and do promotions on the radio and local newspapers. We will al so put a site on the web exclusively devoted to our shop and business. We will also put up big banners all over the mall, and we will be visiting different orphanages, houses and business establishments to promote our gift basket business. We also have some intermediate goals.

The Federal Reserve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

The Federal Reserve - Essay Example Disney issued its first batch of floating rate notes in the year 2007. Floating-rate notes are debts that reimburse the investors a rate of interest that is reset in every quarter. Disney was one of the companies in the small club, which could sell its debts below the London interbank rate (LIBOR) (First Share, 2008). The floating-rate debt notes assist the companies to trade bonds which are attached to different benchmark other than that of US Treasury. It offers diversity for customers cautious of increasing interest rates. Issuing Floating-rate notes is a way to hedge the risk against the interest rates that arises while abiding to be in corporate. The company also planned to promote stock ownership which is for long-term to the existing as well to the new investors, so they developed an investment plan to offer customers Disney’s common stock which will also provide the existing investors of Disney to re-invest their dividends. Two-year notes were sold by Disney that could yield one basis point in a pan of less than three moths LIBOR. These securities were rated as A2 by the Moody’s Investors Service and Standard & Poor’s rated it as A. The last floaters were sold by Disney was in April 2008. However, the last debt was sold by the company in November, which assisted the company to raise $3 billion. Disney sold their debt at a record amount because the interest rates were the lowest. The company issued bonds amounting to $3 billion and it was the considered to be the fourth part of their coupons. This issue was considered to be the biggest in the 89 years history of the California based company called Burbank (First Share, 2008). Since The Federal Revenue in US has been absorbing around 90 percent of the government bonds, scarcity in treasure can be felt. The Fed as well as the Obama administration assisted the customers as well as Walt Disney by keeping the borrowing cost low, so that the company can raise funds successful from its debt instruments. Apart from this, the company also lured its customers by revealing a strong financial status of the company and a prospect of growth in future. The investors go for acquiring those securities which are readily marketable than the identical assets that are not easily marketable. The genera; cash flow methods cannot be utilized for making securities marketable (Bajaj, Denis, Ferris, & Sarin, n. d.). When securities are not marketable, companies apply a discount to the estimated value for making them acceptable to investors. The concept of marketability lies in the fact that how quick the debt or asset can be converted to near cash or cash, without any transaction cost to be borne by the owner. Even when an individual wishes to convert the common stock into cash, it can be easily done by incurring a minimum transaction cost and there would be minimum impact on the market price (The Walt Disney Company, 2008). Question 2 List the dollar amount of debt Disney proposed to se ll to the public. Indicate whether this amount has increased or decreased from 2008 to 2010. Discuss some potential causes of this increase or decrease. Answer It has been already discussed in the first part of the study that Disney issued two-years floating-rate notes which amounted to around $800 million. The company initially planned to offer $500 million, which increase to $800 in the next five years (Gangar, 2013). The last sold floater, which was a three year debenture, amounted to aroun

To What Extent Do Postcolonial Writers Articulate a Coherent a Useful Essay

To What Extent Do Postcolonial Writers Articulate a Coherent a Useful Notion of Home - Essay Example The home in which the natives came from have disappeared. Most of the original literature and the oral culture of the native Caribbean’s were not preserved; hence no cultural mark had been passed over to the following generations. The fact that the African-Caribbean people were enforced to reject their own heritage caused them not to have a traditional culture and an image to identify with. This has caused the natives to constantly adapt to the modern culture, thus not being able to grasp their own in whole. The poem Alpha is divided into three parts, which are ‘Mother Poem’, ‘Sun Poem and X/Self. Smaller divisions of Ancestor comprise of individual poems. The framework in which the poem is structured is in accordance with the context of universality, while being able to form a personal interaction through engaging the readers intimately. The association between the three voices in the Ancestor personifies the father, the mother and the son or the narrator, in relation to their Motherland. The poem captures the essence of familial integration and separation. The first verse is ambiguous. The subject of mother can be referred to as the author's mother whom he misses, or most likely, the author's motherland, as can be seen in the following lines, â€Å"the ancient watercourses of my island/ echo of rver. Trickle. Worn stone/ the sunken voice of glitter iching its pattern to the sea/ memory of foam. Fossil. Erased beaches high above the eaten†.5 The poem started with descriptions of an environment in which the author longs for, as personified in a form of a mother. The author misses his homeland and wishes to go back to his native land to comfort his female parent. The second verse is a description of the Americans or the West Indians. The author hints that his family has migrated to the United States of America, as deduced from the lines "the world Columbus found" and "the world Raleigh raided". 6The statements are symbolized by the following lines in the second part of the poem, â€Å"& my father swims through the noise / Through the blankets of jute on his lungs / & he is Caesar again at the Hellespont†. As for the references to the plantations, the setting in which the author's family migrated to is in New Orleans, it is where most black slaves have migrated to in the previous decades. In a nutshell, the second part is the author's description of his life as his family moved to New Orleans, where sugar plantations are abound. The second part of the poem also implies that the author's parents worked at the plantations in New Orleans. This fact has been deduced from the lines "through the blankets of jute on his lungs" and "maker of chalk dust".7 The line "she waits with her back slowly curving to mountain" represents her mother who have waited in patience and have gotten old, who lived her life in despair from working and waiting for his husband.8 This emotion is evident in the last part of the second division of the poem, â€Å"She waits for his return with her gold rings of love / Wl the miners tr ove that binds her to his world / She waits w/ her back slowly curving to mountain†.9 The last part of the

Instrumentation paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Instrumentation paper - Essay Example This absence of national statistics for recidivism does not necessarily mean, however, that the phenomenon is non-existent and is not a concern. In fact, recidivism among juvenile offenders merits special attention considering the prevalence of drug use among offenders, regardless of whether they are adult or juvenile (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2007; Wei, Makkai & McGregor, 2003). Further, three general trends bared by Spiess and Fallow (2006) on the drugs and crime connection sparked interest in the focus of this concept paper : (1) the prevalence of testing positively for drug use among apprehended offenders; (2) the high incidence of offenders who tested positive on drugs when their crimes were committed; and (3) addiction being a common trigger for offenders to commit crimes to in order to support their addiction. The third trend bared in the Spiess and Fallow (2006) study points to a well-established link between crime and drug use. In fact, three-quarters of crack and heroin users confessed that they commit criminal acts to sustain their addiction (Home Office, 2008). Goaded by the various accounts leading to a connection between criminality, in general, and recidivism, the intent of the proposed study is to gather research evidence on the effects of mind altering drug use and abuse to juvenile recidivism . Juvenile offenders/recidivists. Results of the study will be of greatest benefit to juvenile offenders and recidivists, by way of its contribution to the knowledge base of juvenile problems and the suggestions which will be formulated as output or recommendations of the study to assist youth offenders in realizing the importance of freedom, healthy and drug-free living, education, a personal relationship with God and acceptance back to free society. Correctional Institutions. Management and staff of correctional institutions will find significance in the proposed output of this study, as the suggestions and the new knowledge

The Art of Balancing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Art of Balancing - Assignment Example The examples of such scenarios are rampant around the world, where a few people have decided that there exists a need for change and have gone about it the wrong way resulting in utter failure which has had dire consequences for their cause. This essay discusses the works and leadership tactics of one of the greatest change leaders of our times, Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, who lead his nation out of the darkness of the Apartheid and into the burgeoning future, and who has been called one of the most instrumental and inspirational politicians of this century. One of Mandela’s most striking aptitude had been the ability to stay calm under intense pressure and to keep his fear under check so that those who followed him could go. According to Stengel (2008), it was not Mandela’s absence of fear, rather his ability to move beyond it, that managed to make him such an inspirational role model for his people. Researchers such as Groves (2006), note that emotional expressivity is one of the most important skills that a visionary leader has and that it directly affects the level of influence that leader has on the actions of his followers. Hence a leader and his ability to express his emotions a certain way under varying circumstances have a direct impact on the way his followers will react to that same situations. The great leader claims himself that there were many times during his imprisonment in the Robben Island jail, that he was afraid for his life and for the life of the revolutionary change that he wanted to create, but it was his ability to focus beyond the fear which allowed him to maintain and keep strong the faith of those who looked up to him as their leader. As the leader of the African National Congress, and has led an armed struggle against the government, it was to his fellows a great shock when Mandela began negotiations with the government during his imprisonment.  

Modern Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Modern Business - Essay Example Research scholars have classified industrializations as ‘early’ and ‘late’ in accordance to their origin. It has been observed that, industrial progress of particular country has simultaneously influenced companies to improve organizational and business performance. The concept of competitive advantage for national business system of different countries has an underlying linkage with ‘early’ and ‘late’ industrialization process. It is evident from the above example that time period for evolution of industrialisation is different for every country and each of the country followed a distinctive pathway to bring industrialization. Chronologically, the United Kingdom was the birthplace for industrialization during nineteenth century and then followed the USA. Industrialization in other European countries took place during the twentieth century, while in countries like China and Japan; industrialization took place after the Second World War. Objective of this essay is to explain how organizational and institutional characteristics of national business systems in different countries have affected by ‘early’ and ‘late’ industrialization process. Porter diamond model for national business system of different countries and theories regarding industrialization process will be discussed in order to build theoretical background for this essay. The study will cite examples of countries and industries in order to compare national business system of different economies. In the last section, the essay will try to throw some light on issues like sustainability of national competitiveness of various countries, in order to understand effectiveness of industrialization. Theoretical Background Early Industrialization & Late Industrialization Research scholars have stated that late industrialization process in various nations is deeply influenced by resource mobilization and intergenerational concept mobil ity. Late industrialized nations have already achieved significant feet in terms of resource mobilization and national capability development. Therefore, it can be said that, economic development of late industrialized nations started late but the growth rate of these countries can surpass the growth rate of those countries where industrialization took place early. Theoretically, late industrialization took place in those countries, which were economically backward due to over dependence on agriculture and lack of industrial output during early years of twentieth century. In 1979, OECD had published a report about countries which were industrialized at later half of twentieth century. According to this report, countries like Portugal, Hong Kong, Greece, Taiwan, Mexico, Brazil, Spain and South Korea have experienced industrial growth at later half of twentieth century and these countries are called as NICs or "newly industrializing countries" (Balassa, 1981). Industry experts have st ated that economic growth in late industrialized countries is different in comparison to countries which are industrialized in early point of time. According to Balassa (1981), three factors, such as contribution of the industrial sector in labour force employment, rise in per capita income and percentage rise in

Behavioral Influences Essay Example for Free

Behavioral Influences Essay Expectancy theory is related to the motivation of the employees which is dependent upon the employees’ behavior and incentives given by the management. If the management is able to motivate its employees they will put in more effort while working, which means efficiency higher returns for the company. The three components of the expectancy theory are expectancy, valence and instrumentality (Vroom, 1964). All of these three variables are required if an employee needs to be motivated positively. The expectancy component is the belief that increase in efforts will accounts for better performance and vice versa. This means that a person is motivated if there is a positive relationship between efforts and performance given that he has proper training, resources and direction to perform the job. Expectancy is also affected by the confidence the employee has about on his capabilities. Valence component in the expectancy theory refers to the value people place on the expected outcome or rewards of their efforts. If a person is motivated mainly by money, he might not value free insurance given by the company. Valence is the intensity of the desire of a worker for extrinsic and intrinsic rewards such as promotion, fringe benefits, bonuses, overtime and satisfaction (Droar, 2003). Instrumentality, the third component of expectancy theory is the confidence on the higher authorities that if the performance is well, the desired or promised reward will be received (Vroom, 1964). Instrumentality will be affected by the trust in people who make decisions of the outcomes and degree of biasness of the process of getting an outcome. Therefore the theory tells us that the relationship between the effort and performance is positive, which means that increase in effort will enhance performance (Vroom, 1964). According to the theory the relationship between performance and rewards is also positive, which implies that better performance will result in more rewards. In the given scenario, Supervisor A’s employees are facing difficulty in coping up with the new production process. The main reason for this is that the employees are not being compensated for their work. Those who achieve their goals are not given enough compensation therefore they feel unmotivated. When employees are not motivated, they do not put in enough effort to achieve their goals and hence their performance is not fine. The employees who have mastered the production process are not worried about accomplishing their goals because they know that even with added effort if they attain their goals, the compensation they will get is not worth the effort. Other employees, who have not mastered it, are not putting in enough effort because they think they are not capable of doing so. Therefore there is a dire need for motivation of the employees who are under Supervisor A. The supervisor should find out what resources, training or management of employees is needed to motivate the employees; this is the expectancy component of the expectancy theory. The supervisor should also find out what do the employees value, their bonuses and salaries should be increased according to their performance; this is the valence part of the expectancy theory. Supervisor also has to make sure that the perception of the employees about their supervisor’s promises is correct, they should be compensated as promised; this is the instrumentality component. In the scenario, the employees’ salaries are not being increased as promised by the supervisor; their bonuses after withholding tax are very small. Thus if the supervisor is able to fill the gaps in all of these three components, he will be able to motivate the employees to increase effort and hence performance and the goals will be achieved. Task 2 The leadership style of Leader B is transactional, Leader C is transformational and Executive has a â€Å"Level 5† leadership style. Transactional leadership focuses on setting specific goals for each team member and encourage them to meet the agreed upon goals (Bryant, 2003). In the scenario it is given that Leader B establishes clear goals by clarifying role and task requirements and continually guiding subordinates in the direction of these goals, and therefore it is a characteristic of transactional leadership. In transactional leadership, the team members are awarded when they are able to achieve their goals on time and punished when agreed upon goals are not achieved or are not achieved on time (Iain, 2007). In the scenario given, Leader B considers the team member to be personally at fault if the delegated task is not completed and issues punishments for failures. Transactional leadership recognizes accomplishments of individual subordinates and they are rewarded for achieving the objectives agreed upon (Iain, 2007). In the scenario given, Leader B believes in a clear chain of commands and in rewarding good performance and recognizing employee accomplishments. Leader B also rewards subordinates for their successes. Leader B’s transactional leadership style has been justified now by including the examples from the given text. Transformational leadership depends more on personal relationship with subordinates and is supported by trust rather than committing to contracts (Jung Avolio, 1999). In the scenario it is given that Leader C tried to remember his team members’ birthdays and makes an effort to work with them as their coach instead of their manager. Transformational leadership also tries to satisfy its followers’ self-interest and encourages the followers to replace these interests with the interests of the team. In the scenario, Leader C encourages the group to surpass their own self-interest for the betterment of the organization. This type of leadership also focuses on organizational change through stress on new values and different vision of the future which transcends the status quo (Gellis, 2001). Leader C in the scenario also believes that the group can have great success when they are passionate and enthusiastic about a vision. Transformational leaders motivate its followers to achieve their goals through nurturing their individual skills and capabilities (Barbuto, 2005). Leader C in the scenario sets high hopes for subordinates, instills individualism of employees for the benefit of organization and takes a rational problem-solving approach. The Level 5 leadership is described as being hesitant and unruly, shy and fearless and modest with a stern commitment to high standards (Jon Jenkins and Gerrit Visser, 2001). This type of leadership takes struggling organizations from being fine to great and produces other fine leaders within the organizations for future. The Level 5 leadership takes responsibility for the failures and accredits other leaders for accomplishments (Jon Jenkins and Gerrit Visser, 2001). This leadership also establishes unique ideas, long-term vision and values for the organization. In the scenario, Executive A is clearly a level 5 leader as he shies away from attention and accredits others for achievements. He accepts responsibility for failures and poor results; and feels delighted to produce strong leadership within the organization. Therefore it is apparent that Executive A is a Level 5 leader as he took the struggling organization into hands and reshaped the stock prices and company profits into eye-catching ones and he also shares his long-term vision, ideas and values with other leaders of the company. When the Executive A retires and if Leader B is appointed as the CEO, then most of the employees in the organization will start working for their own interest as they will be held responsible for their failures and accomplishments and will be compensated accordingly. Supervision of the employees will become an integral part of managers’ routine as they may use organization’s resources for their personal interests. Transactional leadership is successful in stable organizations because it helps to improve control over employees and reinforces constructive administrative actions through rewards and punishments. Therefore Leader B may find his style appropriate in the organization. Transformational leadership maintains employees’ performance through loyalty to organization, trust in the leader and changes in values and standards of the organization. Leader C has this style of leadership, and if appointed the CEO, the employees will surely have higher motivation and self-confidence; they will get chances and supervision to improve their skills and capabilities. Through self-realization of employees and personal relationships with them, Leader C will be able to make them feel an integral part of the organization and increase their performance beyond expectations. Task 3 Individuals often take one of the bases of power in an organization in which they are employed. There are five bases of power which act as a source of organization; they will be discussed one by one. The first one is Position in Hierarchy (Woldring, 2001), that is the rank of the individual in an organization. The higher the individual’s place in the organizational rank structure, the greater the power he will have. In the given scenario, Employee 1 is using position in hierarchy as the source of his power. He has worked in the marketing department for 12 years and he frequently comes to the office on weekends or stays late to make sure smooth running of tasks. The second base of power is Referent Power (Woldring, 2001); this is the personal relation of an individual with others who are higher in the organizational hierarchy. It only exists if the individual can actually reference the authenticity of relationship so that it can act as a basis of power. Employee 2 has this power as he negotiated with his manager to work four days a week and is the only person who is allowed to have a shorter work week. Third type of power is Reward Power (Raven, 1959); individuals who have a greater degree of control over resources of organization, have greater power. Individuals even lower in the organizational hierarchy can have greater controller over resources of the organization (Woldring, 2001). This power is based on the ability to give valuable reward to others who perform well (Raven, 1959). In the scenario given, Employee 1 has this power as he is controlling the resources of his department to get the large bonus at the year end, and he will spend this bonus on his vacations. The fourth base of power is Demonstrated Expertise (Woldring, 2001); an individual who has an exceptional capability or special knowledge that no other has in the organization. Only having expertise is not sufficient, others should know about the importance of this person’s expertise and its value. Employee 2 has this power as he is the only company employee who can prepare financial statements. The fifth and final source of power is Personality Power or Coercive Power (Woldring, 2001); the perceived personality of the individual is the power here. If the person has strong interpersonal skills, charming and attractive personality, then he will be able to influence others to conform to his ideas or demands (Raven, 1959). This is the case with Employee 3, who has been in the organization for just a year, but because of his personality power, he was able to change entire department’s beliefs. Relationship between Bases of Power and Dependency: The Bases of Power use the concept of Dependency. An employee can only use its base of power on another employee if the other one is dependent on him. As Emerson (1962, p. 32) argues that â€Å"power resides implicitly in the other‘s dependency† and that â€Å"the power of A over B is equal to, and based upon, the dependence of B upon A†. Therefore if a person B is dependent of another person A, only then the power of A exists. The level of power of person A depends upon the degree of dependence of person B on person A and the alternatives available to person B. If there is no dependence then power over another person does not exists. The accounting manager in the given scenario is the person who is dependent upon Employee 2 because of the Expertise power of Employee 2. Employee 2 is the only person in the organization who can prepare the financial statements and so the manager is dependent upon him to prepare it. Employee 1 is dependent upon marketing manager for the award he wants, that is why he stays late in the office to make sure of the completion and accuracy of the work and he often come to office on weekends. Employee 3 was selected as the leader of the team working on new project; all others related to the project are dependent upon him because of his Coercive power. Task 4 The first problem with the company’s current evaluation form is that the rating scales in the form mostly focus on relationships with other employees and on the personality; it is more of a personality test rather than performance and skills evaluation. Instead of evaluating the neatness of the workplace, relationships with peers, attitude with others and friendliness, the questions should be more specific to the performance and quality of work. Performance factors such as knowledge, skills, abilities, quality and timeliness of work, efforts of the employee, works habits, supervisory factors, cooperation, adaptability and effectiveness of communication should be evaluated. The second concern in the evaluation form is that the rating scales are not specific and measurable. The scale being used is to rate an attribute is not numeric or scalar, high, low-medium, medium are being used to score against the attribute. A better approach of scoring will be to use a scale with numeric scale, the highest described as â€Å"Superior† and lowest as â€Å"Unsatisfactory†. Another option of â€Å"Not Applicable† should also be present with all attributes. The use of measurable scale will ease the work for evaluator and he will be able to rate the employee’s attributes more accurately. The third concern in the evaluation form is that the performance factors are not specific. When the manager had to give rating on the engineer’s attitudes, he had to take in to account the engineer’s attitudes towards his job and tasks that he is assigned to do and also his attitudes towards co-workers and manager. The factors should be more specific so that the evaluator can give the ratings to specific attribute and every attribute is taken into account. In the scenario, the manager gave engineer a low rating in the attitude factor although his attitude towards work was very serious and he completed his tasks in a very well manner. He got a low rating because of his poor attitude towards the peers and manager. The 360-degree approach to employee evaluation involves supervisor, peers, and subordinates into the evaluation of an individual. This approach has its own pros and cons. Many people participate in evaluating a person so it gives complete view of the performance of the person. The performance view is captured from the supervisor, peers and the subordinates, they respond as they see the person’s performance. It reduces the bias of the supervisor or the manager towards an employee. It the supervisor does not likes the attitude of appearance of the employee, and then he might rate the employee with a lower score. If the employee’s attitude with the supervisor is not favorable but the peers and subordinates like the attitude of the employee, then this can be captured in the evaluation process. Many people participate in the evaluation process, so the score becomes more reliable and more accurate. The supervisor may not have a personal relation with the employee and may not know him too well to rate his personality and attitude towards work. It is also possible that the employee have had some kind of incident with the supervisor in the past and since then the attitude towards the employee had become unfavorable. Then the supervisor would obviously rate him low in the performance factors. Most of the times in an organization, peers and co-workers know the employee better than the supervisor; so when the peers will evaluate the employee, they will be able to give the ratings more accurately and their ratings will be more reliable than any others. The attitude of a person towards his sub-ordinates is also very important, this attitude can be recorded when sub-ordinates will take part in the evaluation process of the employee. And then after the evaluation, the employee can leverage his strengths according to others’ perception of his performance and personality. So, 360-degree approach to performance evaluation helps in evaluating the employee from many views and in recording reliable and more accurate information then the traditional forms of evaluations and is not only helpful to the management to make important decisions but also is useful to the person being evaluated . There are some disadvantages too of including the supervisor, peers and subordinates in the evaluation process. One of the main disadvantages is that all the peers and subordinates may not like the personality of the employee being evaluated and may rate him very low based on his attitude and personality. The main purpose of evaluating an employee is to evaluate the performance and skills and attitude towards the work and tasks assigned to him. The co-workers and subordinates may have issues with employee being evaluated because of personality clash, and although his work is up to the mark and performance is well, but still the peers, supervisor and subordinates might give him low score on performance. There are a handful of employee performance evaluation methods; three of them are top-down, peer-to-peer and 360-degree. Top-down is the most commonly used in the organizations today. It involves the direct manager of the employee in the evaluation process and is only useful if the manager knows his employee well enough. Peer-to-peer entails the employees of the same levels to review each other. Nobody knows the capabilities and performance of an employee better than his peer or co-worker. While it can be effective method, it can also be very unsuccessful at times. If there is jealousy among the co-workers or if there is competition then it is obvious that they will not rate each others in a reliable manner. When there are multiple managers or multiple peers of an employee then these methods prove successful. The third method is 360-degree evaluation which takes into account the reviews of peers, subordinates and the managers or supervisors. In some organizations even suppliers and customers are involved in the evaluation process. While the advantage of multiple points of views is clear, it poses some threats also. Sometimes the subordinates may not give the true feedback of their managers because of the fear that manager will get to know about it. The following are the errors and biases that commonly affect the accuracy of performance evaluation. The first one is that the employees may favor the evaluation questions of their manager as they will fear that the manager will find out and so their review will not be true. The second is that the peers might not be mature enough or experienced enough to evaluate each other and they may form a cartel and rate each other well. The third example is that the manager does not the performance of his employee whom he is to evaluate because of no interaction with him, and he might just do the evaluation providing inaccurate information. In the given scenario, the evaluation form should be made more reliable and bias free and should be more oriented towards the performance of the employee rather than the friendliness and the attitude towards the co-workers. The scale used should be numeric with the highest being the best and lowest being the most poor. Customers, subordinates, and co-workers should also be included in the evaluation process to make it fairer. References Online Journal Iain, Ph. D. Hay. (2007 ). Transactional and Transformational Leaderships Compared. Leadership of Stability and leadership of vola tility, Volume 4, Issue 4. Retrieved 04 16, 2009, from Academic Leadership database. Website Organization/Website/Author name. (Year, Month Day). Title. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from www. url. com Value Based Management. net/Victor Vroom. (2009, 03 23). Motivation and Management Vroom’s Expectancy Theory. Retrieved 04 14, 2009, from http://www. valuebasedmanagement. net/methods_vroom_expectancy_theory. html Arrod. co. uk/Dave Droar. (2006, 12 31). Expectancy theory of motivation. Retrieved 04 14, 2009, from http://www. arrod. co. uk/archive/concept_vroom. php Imaginal Training/Jon Jenkins and Gerrit Visser. (2001). Level 5 Leadership. Retrieved 04 14, 2009, from http://www. imaginal. nl/articleLevel5Leadership. htm Workplace Competence International Limited/Roelf Woldring. (2001). Power in Organizations: A way of Thinking About What You’ve Got, and How to Use It. Retrieved 04 16, 2009, from http://www. wciltd. com/pdfquark/powerorgv2. pdf

Summary of Outliers by Malcolm Gladwell Essay Example for Free

Summary of Outliers by Malcolm Gladwell Essay Gladwell’s Outliers started with the introduction of the Roseto Mystery in which he presented the facts and findings of the physician, Stewart Wolf on how the Rosetans lived a life differently from Americans living in the city. Evidences and findings on how the Rosetans have a better life and little cases of heart diseases was not only due to the atmosphere of the place, the things they do, or the food they eat but simply the way Roseto is in which people greeted each other, go to church every day, and their strong family ties. In the first chapter, The Matthew Effect, we may glean from it the idea or phenomenon of â€Å"the rich becomes richer while the poor becomes poorer†. He mentioned about observations on the birth dates of Canadian hockey players and the eligibility of children to participate in youth hockey leagues. This was deemed important as it was a factor that would determine a child’s strength and ability on hockey since they were able to start earlier and they are most likely to be the ones to belong in the elite team in the future. Despite of the fact that birth date is an important factor, an individual’s own skill is really the key to reach the top. In the second chapter, The 10,000-Hour Rule, Gladwell presented that to become truly a master of something, an individual must undergo 10,000 hours of practice and mastery on a particular skill which is like doing 20 hours of work a week for 10 years. He cites examples like K. Anders Ericsson’s study at an elite Academy of Music in Berlin. The study was conducted on seeing the potential of music students by dividing them into three groups based on the potential they could see in them. According to the study, those students who belong in the elite/star group practiced more hours than the others that’s why by the age of twenty, these group of people will probably achieved mastery as they have totaled ten thousand hours of practice. Gladwell also mentioned the success of Bill Joy as he was a genius, and devoted time on computers and programming. Other examples were how the Beatles achieved the 10,000 hours rule due to the number of concerts and performances that they did. He also mentioned how William Henry â€Å"Bill† Gates achieved the 10,000 hours rule and it was not only that. According to his interview with Gates, he paved his way to success not only because of his penchant for computers but also of the opportunities opened to him during his lifetime. In the third and fourth chapter, The Trouble with Geniuses Parts 1 2, it was mentioned that being a genius is not enough to determine whether a person will truly be successful. He mentioned the story of Christopher Langan, a man with an IQ of 195 (higher than Einstein because he only had 150). Despite of Langan’s skills, he was not able to reach a high level of success because of the lack of opportunities and there is no one in his life to lead him to a higher level of success. In the fifth chapter, The Three Lessons from Joe Flom, presented three lessons according to Flom on how a person could achieve success. Lesson 1: The Importance of Being Jewish presents how Jewish people were exposed to work at an early age especially when it comes to clothing that lead them to their success in business. Lesson 2: Demographic Luck shows us how location can determine your place e.g. a place rich with gold and minerals possible for putting up a mining industry vs. a place with little natural resources. Lesson 3: Garment Industry and Meaningful Work presents how hard work is definitely an important factor to success. Reflection Looking at Gladwell’s observations, collection of ideas and stories from people about attaining success or being successful in life made me realize that one factor is not enough to be successful. According to the book, the date of birth, place of birth, how the individual was nurtured, social influences, interests, devotions, intellectual abilities, talents, etc are some of the many factors that determine one’s success Going back to Frank Lynch’s article on Social Acceptance Reconsidered, I realized that some of his points like Pakikisama is one of the factors that could help one become successful. Looking back at Chris Langan’s story, he wasn’t able to attain a higher level of success because he didn’t have someone to help him which means he lacks the value of Pakikisama. Let’s look at this: most successful business people not only in the Philippines but in the whole world achieve success not only by themselves but because of their partners or people who backed them up. Bill Gates too is one example since he had Paul Allen in putting up Microsoft Corporation. It is because of the value of Pakikisama that people achieve success because at times, we cannot accomplish things by depending only on ourselves. Thinking about the Philippines, I think that the ideals in the book, when applied can truly help our country towards development and prosperity. The Philippines is a country laden with a lot of natural resources which means that we possess the demographic luck. We also have some good universities that produce some of the brightest Filipinos that we have today. If only the Philippines would increase the way it encourages people and seek people’s potentials even at a young age, then we may be able to predict what we should mold our future human resources into so that by after 10 years on refining themselves on their chosen field, they could possibly achieve the 10,000 hours rule and achieve mastery on their field.

Importance Of Time Management And Teamwork

Importance Of Time Management And Teamwork Personal development is very useful and influence people to be success. Personal development means activities which can improve the self-knowledge and identity. It also develops the talents and potential in order to support human development at the individual level in an organization. Besides that, personal development can identify the strengths and development needs. It also is an importance for managers which can let them know which parts employee need to develop their personal awareness and skills. In this assignment, it will through four questions to perform my personal development. Everyone have different personal experience, but most of the things we can remember are those unforgettable things. One of the things was happened during my learning in the university in china. In that time, I just graduated from senior middle school, and as a new student join into the university. In class, I join the evidence match for monitor and identified with classmates, and I become my class monitor. Soon or later, I joined my department student council. In the student council, the hardest thing was to arrange my study time and activity time. Every day we got a full time study, from morning to afternoon and then, we even got a night study. The left time just used for entertainment and council work. Our work was to make show to present our department feature, and some evidence among the different departments. I usually feel time is not enough, without study, there have some class things need to do and help my coordinator to control my class. And I need to join the student counci l activities. The competition is strong. Through the life is busy, Im happy. The thing was cause by a school department ending year meeting. All the departments in school would join and got an evaluation by school president. And in this time, I would get my exam soon, Im a bit worry about exam and Our council got a big challenge because most of tasks we need to do. I was arranged to lead and teamwork with other five people to gather information and work to make a report for a presentation. My senior told me a lot of attentions for my working because this speech is very important. But in that time, I was in bad temper, I ignore what he said. I thought I understand what he said and my computer operation skills were good enough. I also think I can do the thing with not a hurry, the team was surplus. I arrange many work for them, just left me some easy one. This was the first time I did not fair things for my teammates. Through the different media tools, I found the information and I finished my work before council arrangement. I was so happy and proud because I finished the work, but unfortunately, the result is not good. When my senior check my PPT he got a cry, he was very disappoint for our work, because I ignored many attentions he told to me, and I not told my team. It was t he last day, and he help us to correct our mistake in a hurry night. From this things, I start to get a change, tell myself to do things seriously, if I perfunctorily to finish, it is waste others times and myself times. What have you learnt about yourself thorough these experiences? Everyday we can get different experiences and from these experiences we can learn several of knowledge and it makes us growth. Through this event, I learned a lot and everything not just like what I think going. For myself by the thing, I recognize that I got some problem in my working pattern. The basic I dont have a good hearing behavior to take care the attention problem, it will cause a bad result. A good hearing is respect to other, and it will let opposite know you are well bred. With in the student council and work as a monitor I find time is hard to control and it pass very fast. To get a good time management is very important. Everyone no matter busy or lazy just only have 24hours a day, or 1440minutes. No matter how to use it, it will run away from us. During I work in the student council, I found it hard to use time with my personal entertainment. If I want after work get a play, it will influence the next day study. I understand a good time management is very important. I use a paper to calculate my spend time in a day and know which parts I worse the time. I get a schedule to do good arrangement of my time, I put study first, then use the free time like time before lunch and after class time to deal with the council work and coordinators work. Then the left night time I can share with my friends for entertainment or get a over time for student council, with this arrangement, I not lose any friends and get a good work in my class and student council. The other things I learn are it is important to use your team to finish the work. Teamwork is very important. One persons power cannot bigger than the group. It is important to know each others advantage and disadvantage, and then do an appropriate arrangement. In the student council, I find no matter do what things there always get a meeting. The meetings talk always makes a thing more depth to consider. If just let me to do it, I think my ignorance and arrogant will make me fail. With the work, I find one important weak. I need to develop my leadership. Stress management skill is one of the important skills of the leadership. Stress management required to maintain control and stability. To maintain a team success, the leader must be calm and various consider. For myself, I always feel lose if the work heavier than I can afford when I am a team leader. It also called lack-confidence. With to development this skill, I start to learn the SMART strategy. How have you developed your skills during the practice of management skills module? The practice of management skills is not like other subjects only have theory and calculation, it showed us something we need and can used in our life and study. Our lecturer provides the chance to have us improve our management skills systemic for several weeks. Through the study, I recognize different parts like importance of active listening and giving verbal feedback, time management, teamwork and good presentations and make a C.V. are real useful for my life. During the session active listening, I know a guy who dont listen others and later he got problem. And this story vividly told me the importance to understand others speaking. It has a direct influence to me. Through I laugh the guy in video I recognize I also do the same mistake. I find it is important to change the bad habit. A good listener should listen and responding the other by observes the other persons behavior and body language. And we need to give respect to the speaker no matter what he says good or not, and then we can get good communication with each other. Factors which contribute to active listening: A relaxed but alert posture Frequent eye contact Feedback to speaker Checking understanding Avoiding expressions of judgment During the time management, we do a calculation for one days time and be aware of time is really important and no matter how you spend your time, it still will go over. A good time management can help me reducing stress, gaining time, reducing avoidance, promoting reviews and eliminating cramming. Another advantage is managing time helps us to stay motivated while we avoid procrastination. A good start from how you arrange your time, the time management is really a important session for me to learn. During the teamwork study, class separate as several parts and choose one leadership to lead to use creativity to match. The different person works in the team help me understand how teamworks important and suitable use it will have a good result. During the good presentations, I learn how to make a good presentation. To do a good effective presentation, firstly need to formulate strategy for specific audience, secondly to develop a clear structure, thirdly, support the points with evidence. Then combine the ideas with an enhancing presentation style. To do better, you must good preparation and practice, practice and practice. A good presentation is very useful in my life, obviously, it is a useful session in my study. During make a C.V. I really got a clear understand about how to write a C.V. in before through I want write a C.V., I dont know the form to write .with the session learning, I get a correct thought to write my C.V. a good C.V. should not be long, it need short and enough, can exhibited your feature. To understand this is very important and avoid fail in the working way. Through our textbook not heavy and every session is simple, and not many lectures for PMS, I think I got a good unstinting about it, every lesson is marrow and after class I can find what I doing is not enough and wrong, it help me get a good check for myself. The class is vivid and emotion and I very enjoy the learning atmosphere. How will you develop this skill? Napoleon said He who doesnt want to be a general isnt a good soldier. For the student, who do not want to success in the future? I m one of these want success in the future. So I need to have a good development to operate myself. I have a lot of defects, like not calm, hurry to be success. It needs a clear goal, just like SMART goals. The SMART goals include: Specific A specific goal is much greater chance of being accomplished than a general goal. Understand the specific goal ,I need to know who involved and what I want to accomplish. Get more detail like location and time schedule and with a clear reasons or purposes. For example, a general goal would be finish my homework but a specific goal would be finish the homework at home by three days with five books for references Measurable It establishes concrete criteria for measuring progress toward the attainment of each goal you set. When I want to measure my progress,, I will ask myself the question such as when can finish ,how to accomplish . Give me a target time, and experience the exhilaration of achievement to reach my goal. Attainable When I identify the goal is most important, I try to figure out way I can make it come true. I try to develop my skills, abilities and attitudes to get it. Realistic The goal must represent an objective toward which I can work and willing to work. Try to keep myself get a good conditions. Some of hard work I can finish because I get the exhilaration which I love it and can do it simple Timely It is a goal should be grounded within a time schedule. If with no time schedule, there is no sense of urgency. A good timely will help you set your unconscious mind into motion to begin working on the goal. From this, I start my action from now. my action planning is to get clear goal and make everyday useful. I learning the session from lecturer like time management, stress management, teamwork, and I think I will mix mum them together to arrangement my life, and make me feel enough per day. No matter what I do the thing, I will consider its smart goals and give me a detail specific method to finish it. Conclusion In my assignment, I represent my experience of the study in university and work in student council and class. From the experience, I recognized the importance of time management and teamwork. I identified that stress management is a weakness for me especially some activity make me stress. I also emphasized the important learning from my session and these learning are very important and strong influence for my life. At last, I get how to develop my skill and my action planning. And I think with this preparing, my personal development will have a large growth.

Role of Women in Shakespeare’s Othello Essay -- GCSE English Literatur

Role of Women in Shakespeare’s Othello In Shakespeare’s Othello, the role of women is greatly emphasized. The important characters of the play, Othello, Iago, and Cassio, each have a women that stands behind him. These women each have an obligation to remain loyal and respect their husband's wishes, especially Desdemona and Emilia. We see Desdemona as a young beautiful white female, madly in love with a powerful black man. She is strong inside but doesn't tend to show that side of her as much as she would want to. She tends to play the peace-maker in her marriage and is always trying to understand Othello. Throughout the play she struggles to prove her loyalty and respect to her husband, no matter what it takes she tries to be a good wife. At the beginning of the play when Brabantio, confronts Othello and Desdemona about their relationship, she does not hesitate to defend her husband to her father, regardless of the consequences she faced. She is brought in by her father to the court to be questioned for her actions, she replies with utter respect to her father, but devotion to her husband". To you I am bound for life and education....I am hitherto your daughter. But here is my husband. And so much duty as my mother showed to you, preferring you before her father...(act1,sc3L210). In other words, she is grateful to her father for what he has given to her but will stand by the side of her husband, as any women should. Even while Othello is accusing her of having an affair with Cassio, and insulting her calling her a whore, her responsibility of standing by her man and trying to understand him still remains. As angered as she may be with what he just called her, she questions him politely, as to why he is saying ... ... The role these women had to take on in this play, was probably not to far from the way it really was for women during that time, and for some couples, the way it is today. I would hate to think that men can still have this philosophy, but I know it still exists. Some men still think that women need to stay home and take care of the kids, clean the house, cook, while he goes out and makes the money. So since they are making the money, they then feel like they can control their wives. They expect them to stand by them, not go against them, and agree with them all the time. That may have been the normal way to do things in the 1600's in Cypress, but that kind of thing can not go on in an American society, in 1999. The role of the modern women is now very visible, but there are a lot of stereotypes out there and hopefully one day women will finally be equal to men.

George Washington Carver Essay -- essays research papers

George Washington Carver was a African American scientist who showed many intriguing thoughts of nature throughout his life span of being one of the most dedicated scientist. George was born in Diamond Missouri, but his exact date of birth is not known by people. Never the less, one of the most remarkable inventors was born. Many people speculate that he was born sometime in January in 1964, while others believe he was born in June. George was born as a small and weak baby, and he had his first challenge of overcoming various obstacles as a baby. Possibly one of his biggest goals that he had to overcome was growing up without having any parents. His father was killed in an accident while he was just a baby. George lived in a small cabin with his mother and brother James. Everything was going fine for George until one night when a raiding group of people came breaking into there home. They kidnapped George, along with his mother, while James went in the woods for a place to hide so h e won’t be captured. James would be leaded by his owner’s Moses and Susan Carver. Eventually George would escape from the people who capture him, and join his brother again as they would be guided by there owners. As being a black slave, they never adopted the last name from there parents. Only after the end of the Civil War, both James and George picked Carver to be their last name. George would stay with his owner’s that took care of him, and he would help out with the chores to show his appreciation. He became very fond of plants and at a early age George would plant and maintain the garden on the farm. He became so good at planting and gardening, his owner’s would give him the name â€Å"The Plant Doctor.† The Carver’s taught George many of the basic things that every child should know at the ealy age. George learned how to read and write with no problems. Many people thought and knew that George had an excellent future ahead of himself due to the fact that he has a quick ability to pick up on new traits that he learns. At first things didn’t look to bright for Carver’s future, he tried to enlist into the school in Diamond Grove, but was turned down because of racism. They told Carver that African American’s were not permitted to attend the school. With the news of this, George left home on his own, to attend a color school in the community of Neosho. He had to find someone who ... ...d inventions. When asked why Carver said â€Å"God gave them to me, how can I sell them to someone else?† Carver was never a married man, and in 1940 he gave his life savings of $33,000 to the Tuskegee Institute. As an appreciation to his donation and effort that he brought forth, the money was used to establish the George Washington Carver Research Foundation for agriculture research. Carver received many awards for his accomplishments, in 1916 he was named a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in London. In 1923, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People awarded him the Spingarn Medal for distinguished service in agricultural chemistry. In 1939, Carver received the Theodore Roosevelt Medal for his contributions to the world of science, and in 1951 the George Washington Carver National Monument was established in Missouri on the farm where Carver was born at. Carver died at Tuskegee, on January 5, 1943 and is buried on the grounds of Tuskegee Institute. To show the prosperity and gratitude that George Washington Carver brought to the world of science, Congress declared every January 5th a day to honor Carver, and all of his wonderful achievements that he gave us.

A Reassessment of the !Kung San Essay -- Geography Geographical Papers

A Reassessment of the Kung San The !Kung San are a group of hunter-gathers that make their home in the northern Kalahari desert. Although many ecological and cultural changes have occurred within this group throughout the past thirty years, this article examines the gathering and subsistence patterns that characterize these people. Bentley examines the total fertility rate of the !Kung San and hypothesizes that the pattern of female energetics in their subsistence routine has a direct effect upon their fecundity (1984: 79). His perspective explores the topic of fertility in great depth, and represents a viewpoint that is absent from the text written by Richard Lee, The Dobe Ju’/hoansi. In fact, some of the hypotheses proposed by Bentley appear to contradict Lee’s own research, while others are supported by the findings of Lee. One question that remains undecided regarding the low fertility rates of the !Kung is the degree to which this is a result of sociocultural means, or an effect of physiological and biological processes. Bentley examines the "intermediate variables" within Bongaarts’ reproductive equation, which is one means of illustrating and quantifying the mechanisms that may cause the low fertility rate, and demonstrates that this research seems insufficient in explaining fertility. Briefly, Bongaarts’ equation incorporates the following variables: total fertility rate, index of proportions married, index of contraception, index of induced abortion, index of lactational infecundability, and total fecundity (which includes fecundability, intra-uterine mortality, and permanent sterility). In addition to showing that the intermediate variables of Bongaart’s equation are insufficient in explaining th... ...estyle may consist of foods that are more malleable, therefore reducing the amount of time mothers spend nursing their young. As the !Kung make cultural transitions into more sedentary lifestyles, fertility rates will presumably be affected. As Lee points out, in village life the men maintain the mobility while the women become housebound, with more of their time spent alone with the children. Thus, a more sedentary lifestyle may lead to an increase in fertility rates and a subsequent increase in population. In fact, the population of Dove has risen from 35 in 1964 to 165 at the time Lee wrote his book (1994: 154). Another result of such changes is that they may lead to the subordination of women. The new emergence of a sedentary lifestyle has implications for overall fertility, but also threatens to undermine the egalitarian values of this group of people.

Job Rotation: Advantages and Disadvantages

1. Helps Managers Explore the Hidden Talent: Job Rotation is designed to expose employees to a wider range of operations in order to assist managers in exploring their hidden talent. In the process, they are moved through a variety of assignments so that they can gain awareness about the actual working style of the organization and understand the problems that crop up at every stage. Through this process, managers identify what a particular employee is good at and accordingly he or she is assigned a specific task. 2. Helps Individuals Explore Their Interests: Sometimes, employees are not aware of what would like to do until they have their hands on some specific job. If their job is rotated or they are exposed to different operations, they can identify what they are good at and what they enjoy doing. They get a chance to explore their interests and hidden potential. 3. Identifies Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes: Job Rotation helps managers as well as individuals identify their KSA (K nowledge, Skills and Attitudes). It can be used in determining who needs to improve or upgrade his or skills in order to perform better. This helps in analyzing training and development needs of employees so that they can produce more output. 4. Motivates Employees to Deal with New Challenges: When employees are exposed to different jobs or assigned new tasks, they try to give their best while effectively dealing with the challenges coming their way. It encourages them to perform better at every stage and prove that they are no less than others. This gives rise to a healthy competition within the organization where everyone wants to perform better than others. . Increases Satisfaction and Decreases Attrition Rate: Exposing employees to different tasks and functions increase their satisfaction level. Job variation reduces the boredom of doing same task everyday. Moreover, it decreases attrition rate of the organization. Employees develop a sense of belongingness towards the organization and stick to it till long. 6. Helps Align Competencies with Requirements: Alignment of competencies with requirements means directing the resources when and where they are required. It assesses the employees and places them at a place where their skills, competencies and caliber are used to the highest possible extent. Advantages(http://smallbusiness. chron. com/advantages-disadvantages-employee-r otation-18994. html) 1. Depth In its â€Å"Job Rotation Makes You a More Valuable Employee† article, temporary staffing industry founder Kelly Services points out that job rotation provides the employer greater depth at positions across the company. By moving employees around, the company develops more workers with skills in each area. If an employee requires a leave of absence, goes on vacation or needs a day off, it's good to have several capable replacements to step in and take on the work. 2. Employee Development With job rotation in place, employees can move around and avoid falling into a rut in one position. Over time, employees develop more skills in a wider array of positions. This provides job stability and equips them for better opportunities to earn promotions. All of these advantages, and better overall development, makes employees more valuable to their employers. 3. Employee Resistance. Job rotation is sometimes met with resistance from employees in certain situations. Experienced employees who are comfortable in their positions are often reluctant to rotate into other spots. Dan MacLeod and Eric Kennedy also noted in their publication, â€Å"Job Rotation System Report to XYZ Co. ,† that employees who use equipment and materials in their daily work have a hard time giving up their materials to others rotating in. 4. Training A job rotation strategy comes with costs. When you move employees into multiple positions, you must invest time and money into training the workers in all those positions. This not only includes costs for the employees who are rotating, but also the time of the managers and others who must train the employees in each area. A related concern is that some employees aren't good fits in certain positions within the company, regardless of the training program's effectiveness. Disadvantages Frequent interruption Job rotation results in frequent interruption of work. A person who is doing a particular job and get it comfortable suddenly finds himself shifted to another job or department. This interrupts the work in both the departments Reduces uniformity in quality. Quality of work done by a trained worker is different from that of a new worker . when a new worker I shifted or rotated in the department, he takes time to learn the new job, makes mistakes in the process and affects the quality of the job. Misunderstanding with the union member Sometimes job rotation may lead to misunderstanding with members of the union. The union might think that employees are being harassed and more work is being taken from them. In reality this is not the case. Experienced workers not wanting to learn new types of work.

Leadership Ann Fudge casestudy Essay

1. Where would Ann Fudge be placed in each of the five factor model (FFM) categories? Ann Fudge was open to experience, because she traveled around the world, and she visited other Y&R employees. She was agreeable, easy to get along with because she got along with consumers, factory workers on a production line, and executives as well. Dependable, they could depend on Ann because she was committed to her work. She worked 15-hour shifts and she worked very hard. She came into the company in a stressful time but was focused and got the company back on track so she works well with neuroticism, she coped well even with stress. Ann is conscientious as well because she had the ability to interact effectively with constituencies of a consumer business. 2. Ann Fudge decided to take a sabbatical to focus on her personal life. Based on her experience what are the benefits of such a break? What might be some drawbacks? The benefit of the break was a chance for Ann to clear her head and so she can focus better so she can get refreshed with new experiences. She wrote a book â€Å"The Artist’s Way at Work† about improving creativity and innovation on the job. So this is one of the benefits as well, writing the book I think had a positive effect on her work. I don’t think there were and drawbacks, because at Y&R she was back again working hard and she was very successful.

Job Offer Letter

Mary Janes 3341 av Cham, Montreal, QC H3C1J5 (514)566 7776, ling-chun. [email  protected] ca February 13, 2013 Mr. Joseph Bleau Recruitment Coordinator Reynolds and Reynolds Ltd. 3 Robert Speck Parkway Mississauga, ON L4Z 2G5 Dear Mr. Bleau: I am a senior at XXX Uni majoring in Business with a focus in Management. I plan to graduate in the Spring of 2013, and I am applying for job of account manager with Reynolds and Reynolds, one of the world’s leading automobile dealer support companies. I believe that my academic and practical experience make me well suited for a position with your organization.As shown in the resume, I am studying in Montreal and taking bilingual courses in my university, which can ensure that I am able to speak French and English frequently. Also, as an intern at Pearson Company before, my responsibilities included maintaining customer relationships by assisting with sales and customer service. I have gained skills in setting goals and quotas and making plans to meet them. I am able to establish and build up long-standing relationships with potential customers at the same time as providing service to existing accounts.In addition, I demonstrated an ability to work under pressure and meet deadlines in my internship. I am willing to travel extensively and work long hours to meet or exceed company goals. My resume, which I have enclosed for your review, contains additional details about my professional accomplishments. It would be a pleasure to meet with you at your convenience to discuss my qualifications and the value I can bring to your organization. Thank you for your kind consideration. Sincerely, Mary Janes

Houshold Gods

â€Å"Their life gave our lives meaning, but broken homes will not set again. Their parting was our dissolution, they will never know their household gods are slain. † An intense end to Philip Hobsbaum’s poem ‘Household gods’ which presents the life of a broken home after the people that lived there have parted and left. Through the use of personification, rhyme, punctuation and diction, these small speeches convey the idea of a once happy and lively household now lost and the mournful end it faces.Philip Hobsbaum’s design of structure, punctuation and rhyme establish the furniture’s’ personified being. The poem is divided into nine stanzas, each consist of four lines enclosed by quotation marks to show a different speaker in each stanza. In the first, eighth, and ninth stanza the second and fourth lines rhyme, and these stanzas are spoken by the gods as a group. In stanzas two to seven, they speak as individuals, the first and third li nes rhyme as well as the second and fourth.This personification of the gods allow them to identify with the reader at a more personal level and be able to connect with him, The first stanza is spoken by the entire household, describing its role in observing the breaking of the lives of this couple â€Å"I saw them. I was there. † The author introduces the poem with a gloomy heavy tone, relying on words such as â€Å"breaking,† â€Å"distraught,† and â€Å"despair. † The couples’ breakup is â€Å"mirrored† by the household and foreshadows their future departure. The second and third stanzas are from an individual point of view, they represent some of the couple’s possessions recollecting their joyful past.At first, what seems to be a musical instrument belonging to the woman grieves its disuse, stating that it has â€Å"so long been silent† and it laments over the days when her â€Å"long fingers once caressed [it]. † It also introduces a passionate part of the couple’s relationship previously as it asks: â€Å"was that how at one time she touched him? † The third stanza introduces male’s possession as it recalls a happy past when â€Å"his lips on mine†¦warmed my clay. † This god is most likely a mug that the occupant used, and now he describes the â€Å"kiss† that he used to receive as â€Å"broken and swept away. These missing parts of the house are what take its life away; music brings joy to a home, and coffee in the morning is an indicator of life. The couple’s relationship can be related to the cup, as it was once warm full of embraces and kisses ‘in the morning or in darkness’, and now it is broken and being â€Å"swept away† as it ends. A rug mentions its experience next; it describes the past state of the couple as it used to serve ‘their steady feet,’ but now their steps are ‘tentative’ as they b ecome more reluctant to come across each other.In the past there was a sense of life to the house, but now the carpet feels sorrowful as it becomes a â€Å"street for strangers† as it is no longer able to recognize the transformed couple. It expresses its dismay in the last line which does not flow with the previous stanza to show its feeling of worthlessness and abandonment; it used to serve this couple but now it is merely â€Å"jute and wool† at the front of the house. The god in the fourth stanza, a room or the house also reflects on its abandoned state.It describes the time when they cared for it and made it â€Å"in terms of their vision†, however, the state that the room is in at this point shows neglect and deterioration as the â€Å"walls are pealing. † The house relates to the rug, as it also begins to feel useless after his â€Å"occupants have fled. † The sixth and seventh stanzas describe the final scene that this house lives. The sixt h stanza is spoken by a clock, which ironically speaks of time which does not repeat itself, unlike her hands. It also speaks about â€Å"the climactial moment† which has passed and will never reoccur again, no matter â€Å"whoever will come. This may refer to the house, which has reached an optimum point, and is now falling and could never be restored. The clock tries to â€Å"cough a final chime† but it so badly neglected that it couldn’t â€Å"henceforth [it is] dumb†. The seventh stanza is very similar to the first, except that it is being spoken from an individual point of view. A mirror is speaking about how it â€Å"mirrored their coming here† and is now watching them leave; it is only concerned about â€Å"their outer semblance† since it only deals with superficial aspects of people.The repetition of this stanza serves as closure to the relationship of this couple and their departure, leaving the house for destruction and decay. The final two stanzas are spoken by the gods as a whole, describing the death of the gods as life leaves the house for good. The eighth stanza describes the image of the house: ‘without a purpose,’ ‘chairs not to be sat on,’ ‘the books are stacked’. The author uses a metaphor in the last line ‘a house grown cold’ to emphasize the death of the house, similar to the way a human corpse becomes after all life has disappeared from it and it slowly starts decaying.The final stanza shows the reader that these gods cannot live without the presence of occupants, â€Å"their life gave ours meaning. † Yet there is no possible way for the return of these gods as â€Å"broken homes will not set again†, the concluding presence of the gods is set in the last line â€Å"they will never know their household gods are slain† in order to show the oblivious manner of the couple who will never know of the suffering that those around th em went through, and they will never learn of their death.In this poem, Philip Hobsbaum integrates emotions with household objects in order to allow the reader to relate to a broken household. The author shows the strong consequences that are caused by a broken home, and the need for a strong relationship to maintain it. Hobsbaum seeks to show the readers that a broken home causes such powerful destruction, such as the death of gods, in order to motivate couples to maintain strong relationships, for their farewells are able to create irreversible damage. Houshold Gods â€Å"Their life gave our lives meaning, but broken homes will not set again. Their parting was our dissolution, they will never know their household gods are slain. † An intense end to Philip Hobsbaum’s poem ‘Household gods’ which presents the life of a broken home after the people that lived there have parted and left. Through the use of personification, rhyme, punctuation and diction, these small speeches convey the idea of a once happy and lively household now lost and the mournful end it faces.Philip Hobsbaum’s design of structure, punctuation and rhyme establish the furniture’s’ personified being. The poem is divided into nine stanzas, each consist of four lines enclosed by quotation marks to show a different speaker in each stanza. In the first, eighth, and ninth stanza the second and fourth lines rhyme, and these stanzas are spoken by the gods as a group. In stanzas two to seven, they speak as individuals, the first and third li nes rhyme as well as the second and fourth.This personification of the gods allow them to identify with the reader at a more personal level and be able to connect with him, The first stanza is spoken by the entire household, describing its role in observing the breaking of the lives of this couple â€Å"I saw them. I was there. † The author introduces the poem with a gloomy heavy tone, relying on words such as â€Å"breaking,† â€Å"distraught,† and â€Å"despair. † The couples’ breakup is â€Å"mirrored† by the household and foreshadows their future departure. The second and third stanzas are from an individual point of view, they represent some of the couple’s possessions recollecting their joyful past.At first, what seems to be a musical instrument belonging to the woman grieves its disuse, stating that it has â€Å"so long been silent† and it laments over the days when her â€Å"long fingers once caressed [it]. † It also introduces a passionate part of the couple’s relationship previously as it asks: â€Å"was that how at one time she touched him? † The third stanza introduces male’s possession as it recalls a happy past when â€Å"his lips on mine†¦warmed my clay. † This god is most likely a mug that the occupant used, and now he describes the â€Å"kiss† that he used to receive as â€Å"broken and swept away. These missing parts of the house are what take its life away; music brings joy to a home, and coffee in the morning is an indicator of life. The couple’s relationship can be related to the cup, as it was once warm full of embraces and kisses ‘in the morning or in darkness’, and now it is broken and being â€Å"swept away† as it ends. A rug mentions its experience next; it describes the past state of the couple as it used to serve ‘their steady feet,’ but now their steps are ‘tentative’ as they b ecome more reluctant to come across each other.In the past there was a sense of life to the house, but now the carpet feels sorrowful as it becomes a â€Å"street for strangers† as it is no longer able to recognize the transformed couple. It expresses its dismay in the last line which does not flow with the previous stanza to show its feeling of worthlessness and abandonment; it used to serve this couple but now it is merely â€Å"jute and wool† at the front of the house. The god in the fourth stanza, a room or the house also reflects on its abandoned state.It describes the time when they cared for it and made it â€Å"in terms of their vision†, however, the state that the room is in at this point shows neglect and deterioration as the â€Å"walls are pealing. † The house relates to the rug, as it also begins to feel useless after his â€Å"occupants have fled. † The sixth and seventh stanzas describe the final scene that this house lives. The sixt h stanza is spoken by a clock, which ironically speaks of time which does not repeat itself, unlike her hands. It also speaks about â€Å"the climactial moment† which has passed and will never reoccur again, no matter â€Å"whoever will come. This may refer to the house, which has reached an optimum point, and is now falling and could never be restored. The clock tries to â€Å"cough a final chime† but it so badly neglected that it couldn’t â€Å"henceforth [it is] dumb†. The seventh stanza is very similar to the first, except that it is being spoken from an individual point of view. A mirror is speaking about how it â€Å"mirrored their coming here† and is now watching them leave; it is only concerned about â€Å"their outer semblance† since it only deals with superficial aspects of people.The repetition of this stanza serves as closure to the relationship of this couple and their departure, leaving the house for destruction and decay. The final two stanzas are spoken by the gods as a whole, describing the death of the gods as life leaves the house for good. The eighth stanza describes the image of the house: ‘without a purpose,’ ‘chairs not to be sat on,’ ‘the books are stacked’. The author uses a metaphor in the last line ‘a house grown cold’ to emphasize the death of the house, similar to the way a human corpse becomes after all life has disappeared from it and it slowly starts decaying.The final stanza shows the reader that these gods cannot live without the presence of occupants, â€Å"their life gave ours meaning. † Yet there is no possible way for the return of these gods as â€Å"broken homes will not set again†, the concluding presence of the gods is set in the last line â€Å"they will never know their household gods are slain† in order to show the oblivious manner of the couple who will never know of the suffering that those around th em went through, and they will never learn of their death.In this poem, Philip Hobsbaum integrates emotions with household objects in order to allow the reader to relate to a broken household. The author shows the strong consequences that are caused by a broken home, and the need for a strong relationship to maintain it. Hobsbaum seeks to show the readers that a broken home causes such powerful destruction, such as the death of gods, in order to motivate couples to maintain strong relationships, for their farewells are able to create irreversible damage.