Thursday, October 31, 2019

Best theories explain crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Best theories explain crime - Essay Example There are numerous theories such as rational choice theory, strain theory, social disorganization theory, social learning theory, and social control theory, labeling theory as well as biology, genetics and evolution. Although there are many theories that have been put forward to explain why some people have high propensity to commit crime, I find strain theory to be the most suitable for explaining crime. Robert Merton, a sociologist from the United States, was the first to assess criminal behavior using Strain Theory in 1938. According to Merton’s Strain theory, all members of the society have the same aspirations, but have varying opportunities or abilities to achieve their aspirations (Agnew & Brezina, 2010). Consequently some people will fail to achieve what the society expects of them through accepted ways like embracing hard work first then enjoying the fruits of labor later in life. Merton identified and explored five basic adaptations of people who cannot legitimately achieve the societal aspirations. These include: innovation, rebellion, conformity, retreatism and ritualism (Rios, 2007). Conformity is where a person acknowledges that he or she cannot attain goals expected by the society and embrace the limited opportunities within their reach. Innovation is where an individual resort to illegal means to attain societal goals. Rebellion is where an individual disowns b oth societal goals as well as the means of achieving them and decides to give life a different approach. Retreatism also rejects societal goals and means of attaining them while ritualism is where an individual gives up hope on societal goals, but still embraces the means of achieving them (Rios, 2007). The choice of Merton’s Strain theory as the most appropriate for explaining crime is informed by its pragmatic approach and coverage. Strain theory further takes into consideration cognitive dissonance for every societal member in examining the tendency of

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Backlash Against the Feminist Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Backlash Against the Feminist Movement - Essay Example The backlash, according to Trimble's analysis of the phenomenon (cited in Feminism and I am not a feminist, 2008, p. 12), "was born out of the rise of neo-liberalism and neo-conservatism in the 1980s and 1990s." At that point in time, the popular belief was that the movement had successfully accomplished its primary objectives and that Canadian women, as a consequence, had attained a status of absolute equality with males. Women had attained the basic rights for which they had agitated and fought. As the movement had been initiated by the absence of these rights and its goal had been the attainment of these rights, their accomplishment was interpreted as a successful conclusion to the movement. As such, the backlash refers, not to the right of women to equality or their earlier struggle for the attainment of equality, but to the current, "third wave" of feminism (p. 12). The backlash, in other words, is directed against feminism as a socio-political and ideological movement. Canadian women have not, historically, embraced feminism. According to Trimble, O'Neil and Faludi (cited in Feminism and I am not a feminist, 2008, pp. ... This is not simply expressive of the backlash against feminism but of popular rejection of radicalism, coupled with the certitude of gender equality. Quite simply stated, gender equality is an unquestionable principle in Canada and the equality of the sexes is neither contested nor debated. The implication here is that Canadian women do not feel that they have to embrace feminism in order to attain equality and do not embrace it because they are averse to radicalism. From a personal perspective, feminism is not something which I identify with. While I most definitely understand the roots of the movement and acknowledge that were it not for the earlier generations of feminists, I would not be enjoying the freedoms which I take for granted today, I do not understand its present-day purposes or motives. Men and women are equal and this is something which we, as women, no longer need to argue or to prove. The notion that we must constantly prove and argue our equality does not reflect positively on us as a gender and, subjectively speaking, is somewhat demeaning. It seems to say that we are not persuaded of our own equality and therefore, need to constantly remind ourselves and others of it. It is, thus, that I see myself as a human rights advocate but not a feminist. I do not question the equality of the sexes and do not assume that we are not equal. Instead, I question equality between people and whether, in fact, all people, irrespective of colour , class, religion or ethnic heritage, are treated and regarded as equal. As I believe they should, and must, be, I support human rights but not feminism. Royal Commission on the Status of Women The Royal Commission on the Status of Women was

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Consumer Analysis On Chocolate Consumption Marketing Essay

Consumer Analysis On Chocolate Consumption Marketing Essay The objective of this project is to investigate patterns of chocolate consumption experience. The project will look into different age groups and their consumption habits. The main purpose of this research is to find evidence between age and consumption patterns. And also inspect the extent of chocolate consumptions impact on health. Introduction: The tale of chocolate began at the age of Maya and stretched to the modern world. The Spanish were the first to introduce cacao in Europe and after that it become one of the most celebrated drink of the elite society in Europe until it was mass produced with the help of modern technology. There are different varieties of chocolate available in the market from different companies such as dark chocolate, white chocolate, milk chocolate, sweet chocolate, candy etc. In this project will examine inclination of the consumers towards chocolate consumption (in special context of Nestle, Cadbury Mars chocolates are chosen in the study). The buying behavior is a fascinating study of human psychology. Consumers were generally thought to act rationally, according to neo-classical economics theory ( Howard and sheth 1969) individually maximizing satisfaction of their needs. By contrast, in the modern world, people are more likely to indulge into socio-psychological or emotional or irrational buying motives (Holbrook, and Hirschman 1982). These motives come from the social or psychological interpretation of the product. There are several arguments and also psychological aspects of why a consumer makes a particular choice. According to Freud, persons buying decisions are affected by subconscious motives that even the buyer may not fully understand. The most celebrated work on human motivation is done by Abraham Maslow (1943). He suggested a hierarchical order of human needs. According to Maslow, we seek to satisfy our lower order physiological needs first, before our safety needs, before our belongingness needs, our esteem needs, and finally our need for self actualization. This project will try to find link between human behavior and chocolate consumption. There are past chocolate consumption study which has to some extent examined consumer view, attitudes, and motivations towards chocolate and chocolate consumption as a representative (Belk and Costa, 1998) and social experience (Cova and Pace, 2006). Chocolate consumption can be also related to health problems as many scientific investigations have pointed out. This project will also try to ask questions on common perception on chocolate consumption and its impact on health. Chapter 1: Research aim: This study aims to investigate in the area of chocolate consumption, by exploring how consumers experience chocolate consumption in various circumstances and contexts. It also will try to examine common perceptions of health associated factors related to chocolate consumption. Research objective: The objective of this research is to gain insight in the consumer behavior related to chocolate consumption. This project will try to study existing literature and secondary data and investigate links between consumer behavior theories and the existing data. The further objective is find out perceptions on chocolate consumption and health. As many of the findings and research would suggest close link between them. Chapter 2: History of Chocolate: The story of chocolate begun about 2000 years back in the ancient civilization of Mayan when they discovered the cacao tree ( kah KOW) in the tropical rain forests of South-America. By 1400, the Aztec empire dominated a sizable section of Mesoamerica. They traded with Maya and other people for cacao and sometime traded with cacao seed a form of Aztec money. The ancient Aztecs believed chocolate to be the Food of the god. The history of chocolate in Europe began after the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1521. It is believed that Christopher Columbus first European who discovered existence of cacao tree. It is also believed that It was him who brought back some cacao trees from Spain. (http://www.sfu.ca/geog351fall03/groups-webpages/gp8/history/history.html) The Spaniards quickly recognized the value attached to cacao and observed Aztec custom of drinking chocolate. Soon after Spanish started to ship back the cacao seeds and started to sweeten the cacao with cinnamon, sugar and other sweeteners. Xocolatl! or Chocolat or Chocolate as it became known was introduced to Europe by Cortez, later as the time progressed Europeans were able to make the drink more palatable for European taste thus changing the Aztec style of drinking. The first chocolate factories opened in Spain and by the early 17th century chocolate powder from which the European version of the drink was made and exported to different parts of Europe. Spanish managed to keep their drink secret for almost 100 years before rest of the Europe find out about the drink. The Spanish kept the source of the drink the beans a secret for many years, so successfully in fact, that when English buccaneers boarded what they thought was a Spanish Treasure Galleon in 1579, only to find it loaded with what appeared to be dried sheeps droppings, and burnt the whole ship in frustration, if only they had known the value of chocolate. Within a few years, the Cocoa beverage made from the powder produced in Spain had become popular throughout Europe, in the Spanish Netherlands, Italy, France, and Germany and in about 1520 it arrived in England. The first Chocolate House in England opened in London in 1657 followed rapidly by many others. Like the already well established coffee houses, they were used as clubs where the wealthy and business community met to smoke a clay pipe of tobacco, conduct business and socialize over a cup of chocolate. For centuries, chocolate was eaten by the societys upper crust. But by the 19th century mass production of chocolate helped it reach much wider portion of society. First European chocolate factory was set up France 1761 in the town of Bayonne. As demand increased most of the European countries started producing cacao in their colonies in Caribbean, Africa and parts of South East Asia. (Simmons, 1976; Baker, 1891) 1828 marked the modern ear of chocolate making when Dutch Chocolate maker Conrad J. van Houten patented an inexpensive method for pressing making cacao powder. Many chocolate companies of today were formed as a family run businesses such as Europe such as Van Houten in the Netherlands in 1815, Menier in France in 1824, Cadbury and Rowntree in England; and Suchard, Nestlà ©, Lindt and Kohler in Switzerland. (http://www.chocolate-source.co.uk/history_of_chocolate.htm) http://www.sfu.ca/geog351fall03/groups-webpages/gp8/history/timeline.jpg http://www.sfu.ca/geog351fall03/groups-webpages/gp8/history/history.html This figure shows the evolution of chocolate from being produced in form of cacao in South America and then eventually in Europe. In 1894, English chocolate maker Joseph Storrs Fry produced what was arguably the worlds first eating chocolate (Brenner, 1999; Spadaccini, 23rd online edition). Some of Englands most successful entrepreneurs during the Industrial Revolution belonged to a group of people known as The Society of Friends, or more commonly, the Quakers. Due to their radical beliefs, the Quakers were alienated from many of the mainstream professions of the time including politics, law and medicine. Many of the large Quaker families channeled their energy into business and commerce, and one of the most progressive commodities at the time to invest in was cocoa. A one man business opened in 1824 by a young Quaker, John Cadbury, in Bull Street Birmingham was to be the foundation of Cadbury Limited, now one of the worlds largest producers of chocolate. In 1831 the business was transformed from grocery shop and John Cadbury was manufacturing drinking chocolate and cocoa. This was the start Cadburys business as it is known today which was later joined by John Cadburys brother Benjamin and the business become Cadbury brothers in 1847 in Birmingham where they rented their first factory. This partnership dissolved in 1860 and a year later John Cadbury retired leaving his sons Richard and George, the second Cadbury brothers, to continue the business. 1866 saw a turning point for the company with the introduction of a process for pressing the cocoa butter from the cocoa beans. This not only enabled Cadbury Brothers to produce pure cocoa essence, but the plentiful supply of cocoa butter remaining was also used to make new kinds of eating chocolate. Business prospered from this time and Cadbury Brothers outgrew the Bridge Street factory, moving in 1879 to a greenfield site some miles from the centre of Birmingham which came to be called Bournville. The opening of the Cadbury factory in a garden also heralded a new era in industrial relations and employee welfare with joint consultation being just one of the initiatives introduced by the pioneering Cadbury brothers. In 1899 the business became a private limited company Cadbury Brothers Limited. Progress since the start of the century through the inter-war years onwards has been rapid. Chocolate has moved from being a luxury item to being well within the financial reach of everyone. The story behind many of todays chocolate manufacturers begins with a Quaker family the Cadburys, the Frys, the Rowntrees and the Terrys all chose cocoa as the basis for their family businesses. Their aim was to persuade the poor to give up alcohol in favor of the healthier chocolate drink. Because of the persecution the Quakers faced in England thousands migrated to America and settled in the colony of Pennsylvania founded in 1682 by William Penn. By 1864 seven thousand Quakers had settled their including one Milton Hershey and by 1900 the Hershey chocolate factory was up and running. ( www.cadbury.co.uk) The UK confectionary market: This project took help from published Mintel UK confectionary market, 2011 report as it is one of the most reliable sources of information. Mars Background Mars UK is a division of Mars Incorporated, a family-owned US based business with annual revenue of over $30 billion. The company acquired Wm Wrigley Jr in 2008, extending its food and drink portfolio in the UK to cover chocolate and sugar confectionery and gum, ice cream and petcare.( www.mars.co.uk) The companys key brands in the UK chocolate confectionary market are Galaxy, Maltesers, Mars, Snickers, and Twix. Kraft Foods UK Background Kraft Foods is a US-based multinational confectionery, food and beverage conglomerate which supplies biscuits, cheese, grocery, chocolate, coffee, gum and candy. It has its presence over 50 countries worldwide. The company strengthened its leading position in the chocolate confectionery market when it acquired Cadbury Plc in January 2010 for  £11.5 billion and in doing so, acquiring the likes of Dairy Milk, Roses and Twirl, as well as inheriting the premium organic brand, Green Blacks. In March 2012, the company announced its plans to remain at the forefront of NPD by investing  £17 million into research and development in the UK. Kraft also launched Green Blacks an exclusive chocolate bar in support of Breast Cancer alertness month. The new Raisin Hazelnut bar in a pink package came with the Breast Cancer ribbon and the charity organisations logo. The company unveiled the limited edition bar in October 2011 and contributed  £20,000 to help Breakthrough Breast Cancer in its research work. (www.greenandblacks.com), (www.cadbury.co.uk), (www.kraftfoodscompany.com) Nestlà © Background Nestle UK Ltd is a division of the Swiss nutrition, health and wellness company Nestlà © SA. The UK business operates 15 manufacturing units and has three major subdivisions food and beverage, confectionery, and Nestlà © Nutrition. The brand claims that it is planning to invest  £500 million into the UK market from 2012-14. The company manufactures and markets a wide range of products in various markets such as Pure Life (bottled water), Cheerios (breakfast cereals), KitKat (chocolate confectionery), Nescafà © (coffee), Herta Maggi (family meals), Carnation (evaporated condensed milk) and Nesquik (flavoured milk).( www.nestle.co.uk) Market Share of Different companies and future: According to the Manufacturers shares in the UK chocolate confectionery market, by value, 2011 Kraft, Mars and Nestlà © hold three quarters of the market share (Source: Mintel) These are top three companies which hold account for 76% of sales via their wide portfolio of brands. This market is considerably more dependent on the fortunes of its top three companies than the sugar equivalent. ( Mintels Sugar Confectionery UK, November 2011 report). According to the same report Cadbury Dairy milk and Mars Galaxy is reckoned to be the two most popular brands in UK market. Both of them occupying almost 20 percent of the market share (Appendix: Table ) although there is a significant percent of change in Dairy Milks fortune. UK Leading brands purchased in the UK chocolate market, 2008-10, Chocolate Confectionery UK April 2011 Market Share According to Euro-monitor Chocolate is still the UK market leader with accounting 31% of the value sale.. Euromonitor International (2011) Chocolate confectionery data spreadsheet (Euromonitor International Limited, London) 2010 data for total size of global retail chocolate confectionery market, using fixed 2010 exchange rates, in current prices 2009 data for company share of global market Reports from Mintel also suggests that despite Dairy Milk being the only brand in top ten its presence is felt through in the chocolate confectionery market through a strong promotion and this brand which is comfortably the market leader, with 12% of total chocolate confectionery sales. Krafts takeover of Cadbury in 2010 significantly boosted the companys presence in the UK chocolate confectionery market, up from around 5% to its current status as leader with a third of the total market share. (Mintel Chocolate Confectionary Report 2011) According this report Mars is the second largest company in the chocolate confectionery market having a market share of 27%. The company achieved reasonably strong sales growth of 7% in 2011, despite this its largest brand, Galaxy, and flagship Mars bar brand both saw sales fall in 2011. Galaxys performance is mostly surprising as the brand has in fact carried out many activities which should promote growth such as a significant advertising spending, however Galaxy sales dipped by 3% although it is worth noting that this comes on the back of a particularly strong performance in 2010. It also states that Nestlà © holds a prominent share in the market as the third company which has a notable existence in the chocolate confectionery market. and holds a 16% share through a portfolio of well-established brands such as KitKat, Aero and Quality Street. Although the company has four brands inside the top 15 in the market, it currently lacks a marquee chocolate brand of same level as Cadbury Dairy Milk or Mars Galaxy. According to the Mintel report since 2006, the chocolate confectionery market has grown by 21%, with stable growth of 4-6%. The UKs fondness for chocolate has meant that it has been largely unaffected by the post-recession landscape, with sales reaching  £3.98 billion in 2011. The growth has increased on the back of inflation, with rising retail prices helping to drive value sales but suppressing volume sales, despite regular promotions. However rising prices pose a possible threat, leading to 49% of consumers claiming that they may slash back in this scenario. But considerable support for brands such as Kraft and Mars is likely to keep users engaged with the market, while the own-labels are now making concerted efforts to grow their small share (7%) of sales. The market is forecast to continue rising at between 5% and 6% in the coming years, reaching  £5.25 billion by 2016. The chocolate confectionery market continues to achieve steady growth. UK retail value sales of chocolate confectionery at current and constant prices, 2006-16  £m Annual % change Index  £m at 2011 prices Annual % change Index 2006 3,133 Na 79 4,123 na 104 2007 3,274 +4.5 82 4,119 -0.1 104 2008 3,419 +4.4 86 3,938 -4.4 99 2009 3,575 +4.6 90 3,910 -0.7 98 2010 3,772 +5.5 95 4,000 +2.3 101 2011 (est) 3,976 +5.4 100 3,976 -0.6 100 2012 (fore) 4,205 +5.8 106 4,075 +2.5 115 2013 (fore) 4,451 +5.9 112 4,123 +1.2 123 2014 (fore) 4,711 +5.8 118 4,200 +1.9 128 2015 (fore) 4,968 +5.5 125 4,248 +1.1 135 2016 (fore) 5,245 +5.6 132 4,309 +1.4 141 Source: Mintel Mintel has confirmed that the chocolate confectionery market has established itself to be one of the small numbers of recession-proof food and drink markets with consumer not cutting chocolate out of their diets despite stress on many household budgets. In recent years, yearly growth in the market has lingered at around the 5% mark, a trend expected to continue in the years up to 2016. In 2011, the market reached  £3,976 billion, a 21% increase over a five-year period. Apart from 2012 which may benefit from a halo effect around the London Olympics and European Championships growth is predicted to only be around 1% at 2011 prices, highlighting the continued impact of inflation. This report also forecasted that the market is expected to continue benefiting from its desirable position as a standard and inexpensive treat eaten by nine in ten (89%) of the UKs population, with four in five (81%) weekly users. However, there is a danger that rising prices with static or decreasing bar sizes will deter users, with 49% admitting that they would cut back if prices kept on rising. The increasing cost of the bars also cover the fact that, in terms of volume sales, the market size in fact declined somewhat in 2011, despite the frequency of a soaring number of promotions. In fact, growing prices are inescapable for chocolate manufacturers as they have to deal with rising commodity prices in recent years. However, a positive harvest in 2011 perhaps opens the door for companies to shine their value credentials by tackling rising prices head on, something which there is a strong consumer demand to see. MIntel report has mentioned a word of caution for the big three brands (Kraft (Cadbury), Mars and Nestlà ©) which account for three quarters of sales, a growing number of niche brands, particularly at the premium tier, and a fight back from own-label options, look set to increase competition in the coming years. Forecast Forecast of UK retail value sales of chocolate confectionery, 2006-16 ( Mintel ) Source: MIntel Forecast methodology: Mintel has created this estimate based on an sophisticated statistical technique known as multivariate time series auto-regression using the statistical software package SPSS. The model, based on past market size data taken from Mintels own market size database and complemented by macro- and socio-economic data sourced from trustworthy organisations (eg Office for National Statistics, HM Treasury, Bank of England), searches for relationships between actual market sizes and a selection of key economic and demographic factors (independent variables) in order to recognize those determinants having the most influence on the market. Chapter 3: Literature review Introduction: In this section of the project buying behavior will be explored with the help of theory and examples. Many of free market economists and policy makers believe of customer centric approach who will purchase according to their choice. (Consumer behavior, Ray Wright, Thompson Learning 2006). Chocolate is a very popular consumer product bought for many different occasions and reason. There is thus some truth in a popular remark like, Nine out of 10 people like chocolate. The tenth person always lies, or Chocolate makes everyone smile-even bankers (Doherty and Tranchell, 2007). Buying behavior of consumers: The consumer decision-making process is significant in determining buying behavior. In order to offer an efficient service, it is important to categorize consumer segments, taking into account the benefits which the consumer seeks. Consumers seek benefits or solutions, not products (Rowley, 1997). The main reason behind consumers search is indecision. Consumer information search has been the focus of many articles studying consumer behavior during the last 30 years (Bettman, 1979). Perceptions of food quality and safety are likely to be influenced by psychological and cultural factors rather than physiological product experiences alone. Many quantitative and qualitative researches have attended to issues connected with cultural determinants of food choice (Shepherd and Raats, 2007). It is quite evident from such studies that while analyzing factors that influence food choice, it is important to consider consumers cultural background (Overby et al., 2004; and Hoogland et al., 2005). It is believed that people from different cultural backgrounds have different perceptions and experiences related to food (Lennernas et al., 1997). Hence it can be noticed that some consumers are more oriented towards food quality, whereas for others food safety is a concern. Consumer behavior is also affected by the socioeconomic conditions of the markets namely, income, mobility, media access (Tse et al., 1989). It has been observed that per capita income and disposable income indicates the amount of resources consumers allocate to consumer goods (Johansson and Moinpour, 1977). According to Maslow, we seek to satisfy our lower order physiological needs first, before our safety needs, before our belongingness needs, our esteem needs, and finally our need for self actualization. The hierarchy is shown in the figure below: Let us simplify the pyramid of need a little bit more: physical, social and self. The physical needs relates to the basic and psychological needs of person. Basic need means a person buys food when he is hungry, buys house for his shelter and so on. Buying house is also falls into safety needs. Psychologically a person feels comfortable, when he/she has a house, of his/her own. What is a social need? Social need is driven by persons status, self-esteem, prestige, family belongingness. From luxury items to particular brands, the decision to purchase a particular product is frequently based on deeper psychological influences, oftentimes influencing brand loyalty according to psycho-social interpretation of product value (Fine, L.M. : Business Horizons 2010). It is very difficult to generalize the need motivation theory, because geographically people are different from each other. For example, as the heroes of Hollywood movies amply show the typical Anglo-Saxon cultural values, which pu ts individuality and self-actualization above all else, but that is not universally so. In Japan and German speaking countries people are mostly highly motivated by need for personal security and conformity, while in France, Portugal, Spain, other Latin American and Asian countries people mostly motivated by the need of security.( Gert Hofstede, Cultural Consequences ( London: Sage 1984)) The theory of planned behavior ( Azjen, 1991) argues that our intentional behavior is not always similar as our actual behavior, and sometimes how our attitude towards the behavior, subjective norm and perception about the behavior control our actual behavior. For example, alcohol consumption is different in different countries, depending up on the psychological perception about alcohol drinking. Here we also consider others opinion and the impact of drinking alcohol on our family and children. Consumers can act on beliefs. Belief can be defined as quick response; we will give about a matter. They are held with limited conviction and do not support the facts most of the times. Attitudes in comparison are held with greater degree of conviction for longer period; it is much likely to influence buying behavior. For example, when we see new advertisement about a product, say new shoe from Adidas. We believe that shoe would to good and comfortable to wear. Beliefs are based on more of emotional aspects on the contrary to attitudes. Attitude evaluates the product, based on the usage of the product. Now the attitude towards the Adidas can be positive or negative. May be there is no change in design or maybe it is not that comfortable to wear. So here attitude would be negative. Value is another very important factor influencing behavior. Peoples value grows from the childhood. The social and regional atmosphere, ethnicity, culture and sub-culture, religion all contribute to value creation in a person. Consumers often are influenced by their parents and friends. It may have a positive or negative influence on the buying. For example, a young man loves sports bike, well his father and uncle used ride one, and his friends also do. But after a serious accident of his uncle riding a sports bike made his father against him buying a one for himself. But he may or may not buy a sports bike after all. He may feel that his freedom is blocked, partially or fully and motivated to go against it. Social grade, status or lifestyle is based mainly on the income of a household. It can influence buying pattern. For example, champagne is more of a high cost drink. It was found in a survey that large proportions (44%) of champagne drinkers are professional and managerial class. By contrast, 22% working class people and only 14% who are unemployed drinks champagne. So there is a marked decrease in champagne consumption as we move down the socio-economic scale. (Source; Mintel 2008b) How customers buy: From companys prospective any communicating massage, while at the time of purchase or other point can have direct impact on consumer behavior. For example, most of the food commercials are shown at the time of our breakfast or dinner. So marketers are giving specific massage at a particular point. Although there are variety of models of consumer buying behavior, the consumer product proposition acquisition model is perhaps the simplest to understand, stressing how the consumer goes through six key stages in product acquisition process including motive development, information gathering, product evaluation, product selection, acquisition and re-evaluation.( Baines, Fill, Page pg 113) The consumer proposition acquisition process or buying process consists of six stages. Explained in the figure below: Motive Development Information Gathering Proposition Evaluation Proposition Selection Acquisition/Purchase Re-evaluation The consumer proposition acquisition process (Baines, Fill, Page pg 83) Motive development: the model begins with when we decide to purchase or we need to acquire the product. It begins with our understanding that some problem needs to be solved. For example, a young male consumer decides to gift a box of chocolate to his wife. He might have bought Cadbury dairy milk or he might opt for premium brands such as Throntons or Godiva. Information gathering: the next stage of process will require us to look for alternative ways to solve our problem. Our search for a solution to solve problem may be active or passive, in other words, we are open to ways of solving our problem but we are not actively looking for information to help us (Howard and Sheth, 1969) Search for the information may be internal; when we think we already know the problem and identified the products that will solve them. Or, external where we dont know enough about our problem and seek supplementary information to help us to decide. Now buyer access to information, feedback, and peer reviews has increased; this has increased through social networking sites and internet. With so much to choose from, customers have increasing become intolerant about products or services. The consumer has the right to choose and this continues to impact buying behavior and consumer loyalty. So by the right communication about the product with its added features, co mpanies can build a sustainable relationship with the consumer. Proposition evaluation: once we feel that we have sufficient information and we now can make a decision, we evaluate the proposition. These evaluations can be rational (e.g. based on cost) or irrational (e.g. based on emotional desire). For example, the young man buying a box of chocolate exemplifies his emotional desire to please his partner. Proposition selection: in major cases, the proposition we eventually select is the one we believe is fitting our needs best beforehand. However we might change on a particular proposition from where we buy it. For example, the man buying the box of chocolate may have been checked the stock online for a particular retailer but when he turned up at the retail shop, the brand he wants to buy is not there, so he then and there decides an alternative. The person may go to another retail shop or he may buy another similar kind of product from the shop, because what he wants to buy is not available. This is why proposition selection and evaluation are different stages of buying process. Acquisition/purchase: Once selection has taken place, different approaches are there for proposition acquisition. For example, there is always an emotional aspect attached when we are making an infrequent purchase. Family as a whole can act as a single most influencing factor, where wifes and childrens influence most of the buying decisions. Re-evaluation: The theory of cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957) suggest that we are motivated to revaluate our beliefs, attitudes, opinions, or values if the position we hold on them at one point of time is not same as we held an earlier point, due different actions, circumstances and intervening events. Experience can clash with expectation which can create buyer remorse. People may feel angry, guilty, surprise or embarrassment. People are biased to think that they have made right choices despite the contrary evidence which gives dissonance theory new light on otherwise puzzling behavior The consumption experience can be described as an emergent property that results from a complex system of mutually overlapping interrelationships in constant reciprocal interaction with personal, environmental, and situational inputs (Hirschman and Holbrook, 1986, p. 219). It depends when food

Friday, October 25, 2019

Direct and Indirect Costs :: Economics

Direct and Indirect Costs Direct costs ============ An organisation can apportion the costs incurred in the production of products or services in either a direct or an indirect manner. The direct costs can be defined as being the amount materials actually cost plus any other directly linked costs, such as labour. (for Quirk, materials, electricity, labour employee and management, machine depreciation) Production materials, machine or assembly wages =============================================== 1. Labour and wages – the cost of obtaining, training and retaining labour is a significantly high cost which must be allocated to each unit of production. There are many legal obligations as well as social and welfare considerations, which add to this high costs total. In order to work out the exact labour and wages costs to be attributed to each unit of production, an organisation must take a careful study of the production process and allocate the appropriate expenses. If, for example, an individual earns  £10 per hour and processes 10 units during that hour, then  £1 of direct costs may simply be added to each unit. Unfortunately, things are not that simple. There are many other individual costs which an organisation must bear in the employment of individuals. These may include employer’s national insurance contributions, pension payments and insurance policy payments. In most organisations, labour and wage costs account for the majority of direct costs. 2. Materials – the costs of materials differ according to the sector in which an organisation operates. As organisation that operates in the primary sector has comparatively low material costs. At the other end of the scale, in the tertiary sector, the costs of finished goods to a retailer for example, will be extremely high. The principal elements that affect the costs of materials should be included in the organisation's overall budgetary controls. In addition, an organisation must also consider the cost of materials in relation to market demands, as these will inevitably cause periodic fluctuations in material costs. Only those materials that are actually used in the production of a product or service should be considered part of the cost of that product or service. Task 2 Page 2 Other consumables used by the organisation are classed as indirect costs and are considered under separate budgets. Indirect costs ================== (for Quirk, rent/rates, sales/ marketing/ insurance/ non-production depreciation management salaries) Indirect costs are costs incurred in the running of an organisation that cannot be easily apportioned to the production process.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Expository – Unpolished Gem

Expository Essay Prompt: The power of the group is often the cause of losing our individual identity â€Å"Our identities have no bodies, so, unlike you, we cannot obtain order by physical coercion. We believe that from ethics, enlightened self-interest, and the commonweal, our governance will emerge. † – A quote from John Perry Barlow. This quote describes how our identity will emerge through the different ethic influences as well as our self – interests. Personal identity is about knowing who you are and what you are the eyes of others. Every different person is different in their own persona.We all come from different families and cultures as well as social groups who influence the way our individual identity is sculpted. Being part of a group can change and/or influence our identity as well as the choices we make. This is commonly known as peer pressure. During adolescence we experience an insurmountable number of changes to our social well-being including th e way we interact with others and what peer groups we associate ourselves with. Throughout this time we learn from many mistakes that usually evolve around our social life including what actions we undertake as a part of our peer group.As depicted in today’s society, a large amount of these groups have negative effects on the individuals that are part of these groups and are therefore judged by society not knowing the individual identity of the people in that group. This is the time where identity is discovered and maintained throughout our maturity into adulthood. Individuality is something all people naturally have that develops into an identity. The definition of â€Å"identity† is the collective aspect of the set of characteristics by which a thing is definitively recognizable or known.Throughout the course of life, people encounter many obstacles that they must overcome and conquer in order to complete the process of learning. Your reputation is determined by the actions that you complete as a result of an association with certain social groups. That reputation translated to a key part of discovering your individual identity. Family groups can complete change the way you express yourself and showing your identity. Every family is different and expect many different characteristics in your identity which include appearance, personality and beliefs.A person can have two separate identities, one they use for family groups and culture and the other for their social groups. How you interact with people from your family group can sometimes interfere and change the way we interact with our social groups making it a negative and positive effect. The cultures in which we live in also alter how we express ourselves and interact with others. Many people with the same cultural background usually form their own group together and sometimes dislike or do not accept other groups because of their cultural backgrounds.In conclusion, the power of groups can c ompletely alter a person’s individual identity through Social group influences and family/cultural influences. The different influences can alter decisions you make as well as the way you act around certain people of society. All around the world people make assumptions and conclusions on a person’s identity through the different groups they are associated with. These different assumptions lead to the world problems of racism, religious wars and also in some aspects war itself.This alone displays the power of the group identity can have over a development of an individual’s sense of identity. Reflective response This essay was basically a replication of how my individuality was/is determined and developed throughout my life. I included the many different influences that had a heavy effect on my personal identity which included the most powerful influence of a group. Being part of a group pretty much disintegrated my identity unless I was identified on my own wit h people from another group.The audience is basically anyone who wants to learn more about how their Individual identity may be developed without knowing when or in what way it had developed. Many adolescences can relate to these influences as they are my fellow peers who are experiences many of these things that shape who we are and aren’t. However it was quite a challenge to try include these influences and explain them so many people who be the audience of this will have to have some sort of understanding about identity in general so that they can relate to the purpose and context of the text.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Richard the Third

Kameron Lopez Analysis Paper #2 Richard the Third February, 15tth Analyze the use of Christian allusions â€Å"Two drops of virtue for a Christian prince†¦Ã¢â‚¬  A prince of what exactly? That is a line said of Richard as he enters in Act 3 Scene 7. It was of course as Richard was standing in between two bishops pretending to be pious. He is more like a Christian prince of darkness, and he refers to himself as devil to state his mind. It can be said of Christian allusions in this text that Richard plays the part of the devil, the son, who fell from God’s grace and presence.He spends all of his time using others for his own gain and corrupting mankind. Queen Margaret has it right when she called him â€Å"Hell’s black intelligencer. † And he lives up to that title, more so that he ever lived up to the title of king. In his opening speech Richard is â€Å"determined to prove a villain. † Richard seems to be announcing that he has made a decision and i s committed to being bad. That may be true but there is another way to look at it. Richard could also be seen as being predetermined to be a villain.At that time, Christian people believed that God determines everything that's going to happen to a person and whether he or she will be saved from damnation. This idea was important in context of Shakespeare's England. Richard's use of the word â€Å"determined† is interesting because it implies two different possible meanings at once. First, Richard has decided of his own free will to be a villain or, second God has predetermined that Richard is going to be a villain and Richard has no control over the outcome.How we read this will determine on how we think about Richard and if he is a villain and evil by choice or if he has no control over the lengths he will go to get what he wants. We can then see how Richmond can be seen as the savior of this play. He is the only one that can defeat the evil Richard and take his rightful pla ce on the throne and begin to right all of the wrongs that happened by the hands of Richard. He puts an end to a war, he is forgiving to those whose fought against him and fled. That perfect, forgiving love can be seen as a savior, especially when compared to Richard’s villainThere is a sense of revelation going on throughout this play with the women characters, Queen Margaret especially. She hurls many curses at Richard throughout the play. â€Å"Cancel his bond of life, dear God, I plead. / That I may live and to say, ‘The dog is dead' When Margaret prays for Richard to be punished for his treachery, she asks God to intervene and cut Richard down. Later, when Richard is killed in battle, we get the sense that God has answered Margaret's plea and that Richard's death has come to pass because of God’s will.Lady Anne curses Richard over her husband’s grave and also curses the woman that would ever become his wife. She fulfills her own prophecy, her own rev elation. â€Å"And when thou wedd’st, let sorrow haunt thy bed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As soon as she utters those words and allows herself to be woed in nearly the same breath, she succumbs to her own prophecy. As an audience, we know to take the curses, the prophecies seriously, because they all come to pass. Some of the characters seem to take them seriously, as in Christian traditions, and some do not and see them simply as mutterings from mad people, women specifically.Another allusion that can be seen in the text is how characters have a major part in their own destruction. They seem to be choosing the evil, the wrong despite the outcome, which will inevitably lead to their demise. Lady Anne and others are taken in by Richard’s charm and charisma and wit and choose not to see the evil and overlook the violence. In Christian religion, that is exactly how the devil works. â€Å"O that cunning plan of the evil one. O the vainness, and the frailties, and the foolishness of m en! How quick the characters are to recognize evil when they see it but are unable to resist being caught up in that same evil. That same relationship can almost be seen with the audience. We are so taken in my Richard’s presence that we find ourselves almost rooting for him, despite being shocked by him. That is how temptation seems to work. We are repulsed by something at first, can’t even imagine being involved in any way, and over time that same thing can become less repulsive and more intriguing.That fine line between falling into temptation and standing strong is even finer in this play, which rings true in real life. Good and evil, right and wrong, these are universal Christian ideals. And when evil looks so good, sounds so convincing, it is hard to say no even when we know it is wrong. That eternal struggle runs throughout this play and into everyday life, which is why it was so popular when it was first performed and why it is still popular today.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Tv Violence and Aggressive Behaviour in Children Essays

Tv Violence and Aggressive Behaviour in Children Essays Tv Violence and Aggressive Behaviour in Children Paper Tv Violence and Aggressive Behaviour in Children Paper There are many influences on the developing child which originate from the outside the immediate family structure (Murray, 1985). One of these influences is television. Since the 1960’s there has been much debate focusing on the impact of violence on television on the aggressive behaviour in children. It will be shown in this essay that a relationship exists between television violence and aggressive behaviour in children. Evidence from Bandura’s â€Å"Bobo Doll† experiment and from an experiment conducted by Stein and Friedrich will be examined and subsequently reviewed in this essay. This will be followed by discussion of some important issues related to the experiment findings and opinions on how one should manage this potential problem will be considered. Bandura, Ross and Ross (1963) conducted an experiment to determine the cause and effect relationship between television/film violence and aggressive behaviour in children. The experiment used ninety-six subjects consisting of forty-eight boys and forty-eight girls with a mean age of 52 months. The subjects were divided into three experimental groups and one control group consisting of twenty-four subjects in each. The first experiment group observed real-life models portraying aggression. The second group observed these models portraying aggression on a film, while a third group viewed a cartoon depicting a character acting aggressively. The fourth group served as the control group for the experiment and they had no exposure to any of the aggressive models. Prior to the experiment, all subjects both experimental and control, were subjected to mild aggression arousal to insure that they were under some degree of instigation to aggression. The subjects in the three experiment groups viewed either a real-life model, a film depicting a real like model or a character in a cartoon acting aggressively towards the â€Å"Bobo† doll. The aggressive acts directed to the doll included kicking, punching, using a mallet to strike the doll and sitting on the doll. Following the exposure experience, the experimenter took the subject into another room which contained a variety of highly attractive toys. The experimenter then explained that the toys were for the subjects to play with, however as soon. As the subjects became sufficiently involved in the material, the experimenter remarked that these were her very best of toys and that she did not let just anyone play with them and that she had decided to reserve these toys for the other children. However, the subjects could play with any of the toys in the next room. The next room contained variety of toys that could be used aggressively and non-aggressively. The aggressive toys included the â€Å"Bobo† doll, a mallet, a peg board and two dart guns. The non aggressive toys consisted of a tea set, crayons, and colouring paper, a ball, two dolls, three bears, cars and trucks. The toys were placed in a fixed order for all the sessions. The experimenter then observed the behaviour of the child playing with the toys through a one-way mirror and ranked the child’s behaviour according to the levels of aggression displayed. The results of the study provided strong evidence to suggest that the exposure to filmed aggression heightens aggressive reactions in children. The subjects who viewed the aggressive real-life models and cartoons models exhibited nearly twice as much aggression than did the subjects in the control group who were not exposed to any of the aggressive film content (Bandura, Ross Ross, 1963). The findings that children modeled their behaviour to some extent after the observed models suggests that television and more broadly pictorial mass media may serve as an important source of social behaviour (Bandura et al. ,1963). Another experiment conducted by Stein and Friedrich (1972) presented ninety-seven preschool children with a diet of either anti-social, pro-social or neutral television programs during a four-week program. The anti-social viewing diet consisted of twelve episodes of a program which stressed themes such as the sharing of possessions and cooperative play. The neutral viewing diet consisted of programs which were considered to be neither anti-social or pro-social. This group served as the experiment’s control group. The experiment did not detail the group sizes or the genders of the subjects The children were observed for a nine week period, which consisted of two-week observational period of the behaviour of the children prior to the viewing of the television programs, four weeks of television exposure, and two weeks of a post-viewing follow up of the behaviour of the children to determine the effects of the television viewing. The observations recorded consisted of the various forms of behaviour that could be regarded as pro-social such as helping, sharing, cooperative play and behaviour which could be regarded as anti-social such as pushing, arguing, breaking toys. Overall, the results indicated that the children who were judged to be initially mildly aggressive became significantly more aggressive as a result of watching the anti-social cartoons. Alternatively, the children who had viewed the pro-social programs were less aggressive and more cooperative and willing to share with the children. The results of this experiment support the claim that there is a link between television and aggressive behaviour. Bandura’s observational learning theory emphasized that a learner observing a model does not perfectly acquire an exact replication of the model’s behaviour. The learner instead acquires a more generalised idea that captures the important components – a schema (Matlin, 1999). In other words, when a child watches its favourite television actors/characters behaving violently on screen, the child may identity with these characters and their actions and under appropriate conditions may be inclined to mimic them without the knowledge of their repercussions (Gunter and McAleer, 1990). This theory is supported by the results of both Bandura’s and Stein and Friedrich’s experiments. In short, children who are frequent viewers of television violence learn that aggression is a successful and acceptable way to achieve goals and solve problems (National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1990 as cited in Smith 1993). Ways in which this potential problem could be managed is if the parents play a substantial role in monitoring what programs their children watch. Ways of ensuring this is if the parents sit down with their kids and watch an episode of one of the children’s program. If the parent notices a situation m which could be considered violent, parents should discuss this with their children and explain to them how the behaviour is incorrect. (Violence on Television-What do Children Learn? What Can Parents Do? , 2005) In this essay, it has been argued that there is a link between television violence and aggressive behaviour in children. Throughout this essay, evidence in the form of experiments which supports this claim were reviewed. The results of he experiments examined provided strong evidence to suggest that exposure to filmed violence heightens aggressive reactions in children. Given that the children in the experiments examined modeled their behaviour to some extent after character in the films they watched, this suggests that television and more broadly mass pictorial media may serve as an important source of social behaviour. In conclusion, according to the evidence reviewed, a link exists between television violence and aggressive behaviour in children. REFERENCES Bandura, A. ,Ross, S. 1963). Imatation of Film-Mediated Aggressive Models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,66,3-11. Eron, L. , Huesmann, L. ,Lefkowitz, M. Walder, L. (1972). Does Television Violence Cause Aggression? American Psychologist, 27,253-263. Gunter, B McAleer, J. (1990). Chapter7: Does TV influence aggressive behaviour? in Children and Television :The One Eyed Monster? Londen: Routledge. Matlin, M. (1999). Psychology. Third Edition. Harcpurt Brace Publishers. Murray, J. (1985). Children and television – what do we know? In burns, A. ,Goodnow, J. Chisholm, R Murray, J. (Eds) Children and Families in Australia: Contemporary Issues. Sydney:Allen Unwin. National Association for the Education of Young Children. (1990). NAEYC position statement on media violence in children’s lives. Young Children. 45, 18-21 as cited in Smith, M. (1993). Television violence and behaviuor: A research summary. ERIC Digest. Violence on Television-What do Children Learn? What Can Parents Do? American Psychological Association. Retrieved April 25, 2005 from apa. org/pubinfo/violence. html.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Individual Freedom Overcomes Social Responsibility essays

Individual Freedom Overcomes Social Responsibility essays In the never-ending battle between the ideas of individual freedom and social responsibility, individual freedom is the victor. This clash can be seen in Antigones trials in Sophocles Antigone, Emersons Self Reliance, and Thoreaus Civil Disobedience. Though these writers convey the same idea, they are expresses in many different ways. Emerson wishes all to care about themselves to show their individualism. Thoreau and Sophocles both articulate that one should make their own decisions not let the state ruin their lives. In Antigone, Sophocles shows his wanting of disagreement with the monarch. Polyneices, Antigones brother, revolts against Thebes and wishes to overthrow Creon. Polyneices is killed in the battle and left to rot on the battlefield. Antigone is outraged at the decision by the over-bearing monarch to disgrace her family. She plans a disregarding of the edict and a proper burial for her brother. Ismene does not believe in the unlawful action and warns her sister. You ought to realize we are only women. (Line 70) Antigone thinks of her sister as a disrespectful sibling. Antigone does not want to scar her familys legacy any more but Ismene just does not see that. Ismene does not show her individualism but Antigone earns for everyone to see her civil disobedience. I will bury him myself. It will be good to die, so doing. (Lines 82-83) Antigone has no fear for death because she feels that what she is doing is right and she will not be punished in the heavens for it. The monarch in Antigone is Creon. He believes in himself more than anything else. He believes that no one should be treated different especially women when it comes to punishment. Creon is set on the idea of social responsibility. He believes that a citizen should do all that is in his grasp for his country. He sends men to watch Polyneicess body and to keep his law fro...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Mixed Metaphor Definition and Examples

Mixed Metaphor Definition and Examples A mixed metaphor is a succession of incongruous or ludicrous comparisons. Also known- playfully- as a mixaphor. Although many style guides condemn the use of mixed metaphors, in practice most of the objectionable combinations (as in the examples below) are actually clichà ©s or dead metaphors. Examples An Apprentice contestant with a love of bizarre business lingo has left Twitter users in fits of laughter after describing a failed task as leaving a sour taste in the clients eye. Contestant Gary Poulton, from Birmingham, also said his team were dancing around the bush in last nights episode, which saw his stint as project manager for Versatile end in failure.(Phoebe Jackson-Edwards, Im Not Going to Dance Around the Bush: Apprentice Stars Bizarre Business Jargon Is Mocked on Twitter. Daily Mail   [UK], November 26, 2015)Well have a lot of new blood holding gavels in Washington.(Georgia Congressman Jack Kingston, quoted in the  Savannah Morning News, November 3, 2010)Thats awfully thin gruel for the right wing to hang their hats on.(MSNBC, September 3, 2009)Her saucer-eyes narrow to a gimlet stare and she lets Mr. Clarke have it with both barrels.(Anne McElvoy, London Evening Standard, September 9, 2009)I don’t think we should wait until the other shoe drops. History has a lready shown what is likely to happen. The ball has been down this court before and I can see already the light at the end of the tunnel.(Detroit News, quoted in The New Yorker, November 26, 2012) [Chairman of the Federal Reserve Ben] Bernanke set the standard for muddled metaphors when he parried reporters questions that day. Certain economic data, he said, are guideposts that tell you how were going to be shifting the mix of our tools as we try to land this ship on ain a smooth way onto the aircraft carrier.(Nick Summers, Lost in Translation. Bloomberg Businessweek, July 8-14, 2013)â€Å"I conclude that the city’s proposal to skim the frosting, pocket the cake, and avoid paying the fair, reasonable, and affordable value of the meal is a hound that will not hunt.(a labor arbitrator, quoted by the Boston Globe, May 8, 2010)Obviously, its been a very difficult two days for us, Nelson said. We kind of saw the writing on the wall Friday night. Its just apples versus oranges, and its not a level playing field by any means.(Seabury’s Football Team Done for the Season. Lawrence Journal-World, September 22, 2009)The year began with quarterback Tom Brady tarred, then un chained from a suspension on the heels of cheating allegations in the scandal known as Deflategate.(Associated Press, Deflating Ending Sends Patriots Into Offseason. Savannah Morning News, January 26, 2016) Nigel said (using, to my mind, an excessive amount of metaphor), Youve taken a rare orchid and shut her away in a dark outhouse. You havent nourished her or paid her enough attention. Is it any wonder that her roots are struggling to survive? Daisy is a trapped bird whose wings have been broken, she is a  Fabergà © egg that you have boiled for four minutes and eaten for your breakfast.I stopped him just as he was embarking on a new metaphor to do with Daisy being a submerged volcano.(Sue Townsend,  Adrian Mole: The Prostrate Years. Penguin, 2010)The committee was tired of stoking public outrage with fortnightly gobbets of scandal. It decided to publish everything it had left, warts and all. Now everyone is tarred with the same ugly brush, and the myth that forever simmers in the public consciousnessthat the House shelters 435 parasitic, fat-cat deadbeatshas received another shot of adrenalin.(Washington Post, 1992)I knew enough to realize that the alligators were in the swamp an d that it was time to circle the wagons.(attributed to Rush Limbaugh) A lot of success early in life can be a real liability- if you buy into it. Brass rings keep getting suspended higher and higher as you grow older. And when you grab them, they have a way of turning into dust in your hands. Psychologists...have all kinds of words for this, but the women I know seem to experience it as living life with a gun pointed to their heads. Every day brings a new minefield of incipient failure: the too-tight pants, the peeling wallpaper, the unbrilliant career.(Judith Warner, The New York Times, April 6, 2007)There is no man so low that he has in him no spark of manhood, which, if watered by the milk of human kindness, will not burst into flames.(quoted by Willard R. Espy in The Game of Words. Grosset Dunlap, 1972)Sir, I smell a rat; I see him forming in the air and darkening the sky; but Ill nip him in the bud.(attributed to Sir Boyle Roche, 1736-1807) Observations I am tempted to believe that the indiscriminate condemnation of mixed metaphors arises more often from pedantry than from common sense.(Edward Everett Hale, Jr. Constructive Rhetoric, 1896)[T]o the fertile mind that thinks up a series of comparisons one gives admirationand defense against those who misunderstand the ban on mixed metaphors.(Wilson Follett and Erik Wensberg, Modern American Usage, rev. ed. Macmillan, 1998)What is called mixed metaphor...is the coming into consciousness of a mixing that goes on all the time, a consciousness that offends our sensibilities because it calls attention to the device and perhaps might reveal the inexplicable bases of our worldview.(Dale Pesman, Some Expectations of Coherence in Culture Implied by the Prohibition of Mixed Metaphor. Beyond Metaphor: The Theory of Tropes in Anthropology. Stanford University Press, 1991)Mixed metaphors may be stylistically objectionable, but I cannot see that they are necessarily logically incoherent. Of course, most metaphors do occur in contexts of expressions used literally. It would be very hard to understand them if they did not. But it is not a logical necessity that every metaphorical use of an expression occurs surrounded by literal occurrences of other expressions and, indeed, many famous examples of metaphor are not.(Mark Johnson, Philosophical Perspectives on Metaphor. University of Minnesota Press, 1981) The Lighter Side of Mixed Metaphors Grace Adler:  You cant control your competitive nature any more than I can.Will Truman:  That is...Grace Adler:  Yes, you just like to play the cool Will Truman while Im all the intense crazy one. Well, once the bowling shoe is on the other foot, look whos the good cop and look whos the bad cop.Will Truman:  That is the worst  mixed metaphor  you have ever uttered.(Debra Messing and Eric McCormack, Alley Cats.  Will and Grace, 1999)

Saturday, October 19, 2019

An Analysis of the Juvenile Justice System Research Paper

An Analysis of the Juvenile Justice System - Research Paper Example Because many commonalities are shared by the juvenile and adult criminal justice systems, it is often easy to confuse the overall goals and mechanisms which drive them. The most notable contrast between the juvenile justice system and the adult criminal justice system is the fact that the juvenile justice system has it its core the goal and desire to rehabilitate the offender rather than merely punish him/her for the crime. Because of the varying degrees of compatibility and comparison between the two systems, this analysis will examine Supreme Court rulings in order to show a pattern of differentiation and evolution of juvenile justice over time. 1 In re Winship 397 U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. 1068 (1970) The first case in question is case 397 U.S. 358 (In re Winship). The case revolved around a 12 year old who was charged with stealing money from a woman’s purse inside a store. Although the defendant was seen running from the scene, the Supreme Court determined that the preponderance of evidence alone was not sufficient to convict the juvenile of the crime; instead, the court ruling upheld that juvenile justice cases must be held to the same rigor that traditional criminal justice cases are in that it must be proved beyond â€Å"reasonable doubt† that the accused was guilty. ... need not operate under the same standards of law that applied to adult courts because the juvenile justice system was intended to save rather than to punish. Rather, the Supreme Court sided with the defense and ruled that proof beyond reasonable doubt as well as the existence of a preponderance of evidence was necessary to adjudicate cases within the juvenile justice system. To an extent, this case further restricted the existing juvenile justice system. Prior to this precedent, the juvenile justice system was not beholden to many of the guiding standards that affected traditional criminal cases. As a result, the juvenile justice system encouraged an judicial atmosphere of â€Å"make it up as you go along†. Unfortunately, this type of attitude did not lend itself to the appropriate dispensation of justice. Judges were taking liberties with the notion that they were responsible for saving the accused youth; thereby encouraging the judges to err on the side of caution when handi ng down sentences in the hopes that they might reform an errant youth. Although the Supreme Court upheld the right of the juvenile justice courts to correct the youth as well as punish them, the constraints of how the judges were to go about â€Å"correcting† the youth was significantly altered. 2 McKeiver v. Pennsylvania 403 U.S. 528, 91 S.Ct. 1976 (1971) In much the same vein, 403 U.S. 528 worked to create further delineations of due process within the juvenile justice system. The case regarded a 16 year old boy who was charged with robbery, larceny, and the receipt of stolen property. The case hinged upon the fact that the youth was only provided with a few moments to meet with his attorney prior to going before the judge. Because of the overall lack of legal defense preparedness, the

Friday, October 18, 2019

Research for the Bernard Madoff Case Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

For the Bernard Madoff Case - Research Paper Example Finally, Madoff himself revealed the truth to his sons and they reported this case to the court. Bernard Madoff Investment Securities Scandal involves many ethical issues. Moreover, many stakeholders were also involved in this case. This paper briefly explains some facts, ethical issues and stakeholders involved in Bernard Madoff’s investment securities scandal case. â€Å"Madoff founded the Wall Street firm Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC in 1960, and was its chairman until his arrest on December 11, 2008† (Bernie Madoff’s Investment Scandal Exposed, 2010). Madoff was able to command the respect of the investors because of his huge experiences in Wall Street in different positions. When he offered the customers huge return even on short term investments through his Ponzi scheme, nobody was in any sort of doubt about the fraudulent nature of the scheme. Investors thought that Madoff has got some magical power to multiply their investments because of his huge experiences in Wall Street. Vernon Silver (2009) has mentioned that the returns that Mr. Madoff’s firm provided were consistently good over the years (Silver, 2009). â€Å"Concerns about Madoff’s business surfaced as early as 1999, when financial analyst-whistleblower Harry Markopolos informed the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that he believed it was legally and mathematically impossible to achieve the gains Madoff claimed to deliver† (What Has Bernard Madoff Investment Securities Done to Investment Securities?, 2010). These concerns expressed by the financial experts forced Madoff to confess his guilt to his sons in December 2008 which they reported to the court. Even though Madoff revealed that he has started his fraudulent activities in the 1990’s, investigating agencies believe that he has started such activities as early as the eighties itself. â€Å"Madoff told the agents that it was his entire fault, and that he "paid investors with money that

Industry assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Industry 2 - Assignment Example (See Appendix I – Summary of BMW Group’s Sales as of November 2010 on page 10) This report will focus on analyzing the business strategies used by BMW Group. Using Porter’s generic strategies, strategic choices of BMW will be identified followed by identifying the key resources and capabilities of BMW in support to its strategic choices over the past five years. After evaluating how BMW’s strategic choices has lead to the development of sustainable competitive advantage, this report will discuss the extent of BMW’s ability to meet the critical success factors for the automobile sector over the last five years. Prior to conclusion, criteria of â€Å"Suitability, Feasibility and Acceptability† will be used to further evaluate BMW’s current strategies against possible future competition in the global market. brand as automobiles that offers the users a â€Å"cutting edge technology† combined with unique designs that makes the cars different from other regular automobiles (Rolls Royce 2010). This strategy enables BMW, MINI, and Rolls Royce demand a premium market price for its masterpiece. As explained by Porter (1985, p. 11), â€Å"the fundamental basis of above-average performance in the long-run is sustainable competitive advantage† for the company. In other words, the ability of BMW Group to sell its automobiles higher than the average market price enables the company to have a competitive advantage over its competitors. One way or the other, this factor made the company more successful over the past five years. Using Porter’s generic strategies, it is possible to identify the strategic choices of BMW Group. Within a broad market scope, BMW Group was able to create competitive advantage over its competitors because of its differentiation strategies (Porter 1985, p. 11). As part of BMW Group’s differentiation strategy, the company manufactures unique luxury and high performance automobiles by investing on new

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Introduction to Political Science Research Paper

Introduction to Political Science - Research Paper Example (Christoff, p. 10-12) For some years consecutively, President Bush constantly said that they will withdraw their army troops from Iraq as a strong and democratic government will be formed capable of taking care of the country. These benchmarks for taking back were hardly ‘straw men’ more than realistic anticipations. An efficient united government was never created, Iraqi security troops have always been considered inadequate, despite of been prepared and equipped by the United States, now around 200,000 men proved their efficiency in current clashes against Shi’ite armies. That is why American employment of Iraq is being continued for almost five and a half years along with little remediation by society without having the political equilibrium resolved. (Christoff, p. 10-12; Gearan,p 1) There is a cause to trust, in information, that President G.W.Bush never had any intention of taking back forces and camps from Iraq. Lately in 2001, Bush as well as associates cl arified that the bigger locus of this War against Terror was in order to reorganize Moslem universe with lines sub serving our national concerns; the attack on Iraq was supposed to be the opening strike in that overextended plan. Precisely Iraq was attacked not because of its strong as well as threatening attitude, it was invaded for its weak nature and people were divided. The actual motive of the attack of Iraq resulted a permanent occupation for the compliant believer state and buildings of enduring army camps for the local projection of the power of American. The rationality of the neo-conservative regalistic plans include security of feeble pro-American administrating government, local protection troops perpetually abased on the control of America, and some degree of stable military profession. This discontinuity with realistic world may be the best representation of emphasis over the victory by President G.W.Bush and currently by presidential aspirant McCain. They demand of â €˜Victory’ over Iraq, but safely avoided defining their meaning by that word. Likely, ‘surrender’ as well as withdrawal seemed synonymous which were utilized in suggesting that withdrawal as very embarrassing.( Cordesman et al, 5-7) While the current presidential campaign was going on, Mr. Obama insisted to take back most American forces from the land of Iraq within sixteen months, though a small amount of army will stay there. The left force would aim al-Qaeda to secure our diplomats as well as other personnel, prepare Iraqi troops, and attend other missions. The missions might be relative to his point that the American forces would be needed to help reconstruction of the nation and places for the castaways, events that need a year to finish. (Wehrey, et al, 23-35; Middle East policy council (US) p 65-70) The left troop would not, nevertheless, become engaged in ethnic clash. The phase of months was selected as it seemed Mr. Obama apparently believing that th e recent Iraqi government is not strong enough, stabilized, or legitimate in functioning freely without United States army assistance. The elections in Iraq will occur on 31st of January and in the ending 2009 which may give strength to the government, with participation of Sunnis, though it is not guaranteed. The absolute taking back of the United States army from Iraq supposed to have a winning effect. The United States would not be accused with an expense of

Art History (Art history from 1945 to the present) Research Paper

Art History (Art history from 1945 to the present) - Research Paper Example This is required to understand the comparison between the art forms and the artists. If we see the period of modern art it started taking form post the Second World War. Te war changed entire equations in every perspective world over. It was as good as a period of creation post destruction. Hence defying the set rules of art comes as the first logical step. Abstract expressionism evolved through this theory. An object is for everyone to see. What an artist perceives beyond the form is what makes viewing the object in a different light. Another view is to perceive the object through the art that is expressed. In such case keeping the art abstract comes in as natural Abstract expressionism hence does not recognize any form, any shape, any definite layout. It believes in the beauty of the material in its original form. This is a very vibrant concept. Recognizing that the material does not have a form is fine but to be able to see the beauty in its original form is another thing altogether. In Gutai art, Yoshihara clearly states that the material in its original form tries to communicate to us. When an artist transforms it, he imposes his thought process on the material. Hence the material loses its own beauty, value and nature. Gutai manifesto also states that the spirit of the material used and the human spirit connect to each other whenever they are in the original form. Now if we try and understand this concept, we realize that Yoshihara doesn’t want to go beyond the framework laid down by the nature. He sees beauty in its original form and hence these artists were able to see the beauty in the ruins and the destruction as well. They ha ve quoted that even the decay is beautiful in the nature. This is off course a very liberating thought and a different viewpoint of looking at the beauty that is surrounding us. Hence the texture, the grain, the originality of the material is in itself conveying something through its own coarse

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Air Force Space Surveillance System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Air Force Space Surveillance System - Essay Example Practical, technical, and policy aspects of the Air Force Space Surveillance System Practically, the air force system for surveillance is used for the purpose of tracking objects with precise accuracy in the entire existing satellite catalogue. It is applicable also in the US military for the purpose of tracking both medium and large sized objects that exists in the orbit. It is capable of tracking approximately 23,000 manmade equipments and objects rotating in the orbit taken by Earth itself. This material information is used by the US military for the sole purpose of SSA operations and work. These operations include the detection of potential and dangerous manmade and natural threats to its orbiting satellites (Chaplian, 2010). Additionally, practically it is used for the detection of the close approaching objects that could result into devastating and unfortunate collisions. Technically, the air force system for surveillance has three distinctive transmitters located at differenti ated places in the United States of America. The differentiated technical locations are Lake Kickapoo, Jordan Lake, and Gila River. These places have been selected since they are strategically vital and workable with the surveillance system operative mechanisms. The one that is located at Lake Kickapoo is believed to be the most powerful and essential continuous wave station globally. It works and operates with a radiated power of about 768Â  kWv on a scope of 216.97927 MHz (Angelo, 2009). The other two locations have their own distinctive technical qualities as well. These qualities are the same. They both share the commonality of having the originality in design by possessing the antennas twice the current length. This is important as it allows the two transmitters to have greater and stronger radiated power. Apart from the transmitters, there exits receiving stations. Policy aspects of the AFSSS The policy aspects of the air force system for surveillance are numerous. The fast p olicy in regard to the air force system for surveillance was operated under a maintenance and operations contract. This ensured that the daily running and operations of the air force system for surveillance was under a contractual accord under the Five Rivers Service. The Five Rivers Service is based in Colorado. The other policy that revolved around the air force system for surveillance is that it had differentiated aspects that related to its running. This included policies regarding its contract modification aimed at managing, operating, and logistically supporting the total nine surveillance field stations. This was done for the fiscal year of 2012. It enabled the air force system of surveillance to continue to operate. Tool for decision-making The air force system for surveillance works by under a given contractor who mans it providing all the required labor support and personnel to maintain and operate all the seven AFSSS filed stations. The contractor works on checking the pe rformance of the seven field stations since the air force system for surveillance has been identifies as a crucial and vital defense system. The entire system works by being manned 24/7 on a 7-days-a –week basis annually at the respective transmitter sites. The tool is used for decision making since it monitors the threats that exist to space and earth satellites. This means that in any case when there is a threat of collision or damage probability on lone of these satellites; decisions have to be made on whether the threat should be terminated

Art History (Art history from 1945 to the present) Research Paper

Art History (Art history from 1945 to the present) - Research Paper Example This is required to understand the comparison between the art forms and the artists. If we see the period of modern art it started taking form post the Second World War. Te war changed entire equations in every perspective world over. It was as good as a period of creation post destruction. Hence defying the set rules of art comes as the first logical step. Abstract expressionism evolved through this theory. An object is for everyone to see. What an artist perceives beyond the form is what makes viewing the object in a different light. Another view is to perceive the object through the art that is expressed. In such case keeping the art abstract comes in as natural Abstract expressionism hence does not recognize any form, any shape, any definite layout. It believes in the beauty of the material in its original form. This is a very vibrant concept. Recognizing that the material does not have a form is fine but to be able to see the beauty in its original form is another thing altogether. In Gutai art, Yoshihara clearly states that the material in its original form tries to communicate to us. When an artist transforms it, he imposes his thought process on the material. Hence the material loses its own beauty, value and nature. Gutai manifesto also states that the spirit of the material used and the human spirit connect to each other whenever they are in the original form. Now if we try and understand this concept, we realize that Yoshihara doesn’t want to go beyond the framework laid down by the nature. He sees beauty in its original form and hence these artists were able to see the beauty in the ruins and the destruction as well. They ha ve quoted that even the decay is beautiful in the nature. This is off course a very liberating thought and a different viewpoint of looking at the beauty that is surrounding us. Hence the texture, the grain, the originality of the material is in itself conveying something through its own coarse

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Conceptualizing Addiction Paper Essay Example for Free

Conceptualizing Addiction Paper Essay The history of addiction goes back centuries, and unfortunately, there is still a long way to go for people to realize the effects of chemical substances do more harm than good. The difference between drug use and abuse relies heavily on a person’s dependence on the substance. The line between the differences is often very fine. Depending on other factors involved, such as morals, values, environment, and genetic predisposition, the line will most likely be crossed without regard to the consequences until treatment and recovery are the only options left. This is essay compares two theoretical explanations for addiction, including a psychological theory, and a biological theory. In addition, the writer will describe the viewpoints of each model, and how their effectiveness in addiction prevention and intervention. The Psychological Model The psychological model includes cognitive behavioral theories, psychodynamic theories, and the learning theory. Cognitive-behavioral theories associate a person’s motivation for taking drugs with their need for variety (McNeece DiNitto, 2012). People often look for fulfillment and pleasure as they carry out their day-to-day responsibilities, thus finding chemical substances a way to escape reality or a reward. Psychodynamic theories suggest more complex explanations are the reason behind drug addiction. Childhood experiences and structure within the family determine a person’s ability to cope socially and emotionally. Thus, the person uses drugs to forget about the pain or provide a false sense of security. Finally, the learning theory of addiction implies that people learn over time and exposure to drugs that anxiety, tension, and stress all decrease with use, becoming a reinforcer for the user (McNeece DiNitto, 2012). Each  of theories explain addiction in terms of a malfunctioning thought process or learning process that can be reversed. For less severe cases of addiction, this type of treatment is effective. However, usually, a multi-treatment approach is necessary. Psychological models focus on the emotion and the mind, while biological models, as discussed next, find that addictive behaviors depend on the structure and chemistry in the body’s genetic makeup. The Biological Model â€Å"The statistical associations between genetic factors and alcohol abuse are very strong† (McNeece DiNitto, 2012). However, there is still much debate over the validity of genetics as a definite cause for addiction. Perhaps, the reason for this is because the number of children of alcoholics that go on to become alcoholics is still small. Additionally, genetic predisposition cannot explain the number of cases of alcoholics that did not come from alcoholic parents or families. In fact, addiction can be so prominent, that it remains even after the drug use has ended (McNeece DiNitto, 2012). Therefore, the biological theory should not be ruled as it is based on what takes place in the body. There is no other theory that can explain how a person could still have addiction symptoms when the substance is absent from their system. Predisposition implies that there is a mutation or malfunction in the body that appears to cause a craving or susceptibility to becoming addicted to a substance. Comparing Psychological and Biological Models Both of the psychological and biological models explain addiction. In addition, both models take a holistic approach in their arguments. They simply emphasize a certain portion of the body and based their studies around that. Interestingly, the theories related to the psychological model are all insightful to how humans think and interact, however, they do not explain well the interactions that take place once a substance takes over quite like the biological model. Finally, the main shortcoming of the psychological model of addiction is the treatment approaches, which attempt to retrain a person’s thinking. Since biologists have proved there are specific genetic components of addiction that are naturally either present or absent, causing a mutation, a simple change of thought will not be enough  to cure addiction in most cases. Treatment for Addiction Prevention and Intervention Out of the two models, the biological model has impressive supporting evidence regarding treatment for addiction. Perhaps, this is because of the perspective of how addiction affects people. It is easier to find a solution to a problem that is explained with support, rather than common thought patterns shared between people. Addiction may have specific characteristics that users share, but ultimately, it will affect everyone differently and many factors will be involved. Problems associated with drug abuse affect areas such as the digestive, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems, which is another advantage of biological treatment. Biologists study these systems and there functions and how addiction affects them. Thus, allowing them to incorporate treatment techniques that specialize in minimizing the effects of addiction while restoring the body’s systems. The duration, extent, and resiliency of the person still plays a vital role in the recovery and treatment process. Conclusion The history of addiction continues to stir controversy as to how it starts, who it affects, and why. While many choose to use chemical substances to get variety out of life, there are several that become addicted who cannot even give an answer as to why they continue to use. This is a sign of chemical dependency and typically means that the body and mind have now been altered in such a way that there will be adverse effects if and when a person chooses to stop using. Often, the decision to stop using is not voluntary. For many, there is not a realization that there is even a problem. There are just as many models that explain addiction as there are reasons that people become addicted. This essay explored the psychological and biological models of addiction. The psychological model deals with the mind and emotions, suggesting that people learn and adapt to certain behaviors over time. The biological model explains addiction as being present in all of us prior to being born, depending on the genetic predisposition and mutations. Arguably, no theory is better than another at explaining addiction. However, there is substantial evidence that supports  the biological model and its treatment when dealing with people with addictions. Reference McNeece, C.A., DiNitto, D.M. (2012). Chemical Dependency: A systems approach (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Definition Nature And The Humanities

Definition Nature And The Humanities Nature is the vague and elusive subject of millennia of thought. It is the tangible self evident life found in both backyards and expansive forests. Nature is a container for and of life, created but uncreatable. It is thought by some to be the creation of deliberate intention but which is unable to be created by human efforts. Of all the elusive traits attributable to this vague object of thought, an important concept may be found behind all of the endless contradictions Nature so fervently thrusts upon its observers: Nature itself may actually be a symbol for something greater which poets and authors have alluded to. The nature of Nature is living. Many descriptions can be attached but dead, lifeless, empty, exanimate are not among them. Often those words are readily employed to describe a place where Nature once was found but no longer resides. Reflecting the ever apparent principle of duality Nature exhibits its closeness to Divinity by being both the most accepting and the most rejecting of forces. Nature will accept any outcast and might very well be so rejecting as to kill anything that dares step into the expansive realm it dominates. Many inhabitants live in the home Nature creates but those creatures only reflect what Nature has given them: life. Yet the recipients are not Nature. Nothing in it can be taken and said to be Nature itself but without the creatures which inhabit it, Nature ceases to live. The closer an object tends to be to the source of life of all that is living, the more it is subject to symbolic attribution. It becomes an archetype. In addition Nature is nebulous, which compounds the capacity for symbolic usage. And the authors who grasp this concept are only able to describe it in a nebulous manner, as they see it. The preceding three cardinal examples lead up to the concluding example of why Nature is so conducive to symbolic attributions. There is a cornerstone reason, more important than all the others as to why Nature holds so much meaning to humans, without which nothing else would matter in our understanding. It is a truth everyone knows but few truly know. This apparent self contradiction so characteristic of Nature gives another hint at what it is. If a person looking for red on a rainbow has found yellow then orange, red is not far off. This leads to the conclusion Nature is an objectively real, living entity given life by its observers. Nature is living but apparently not conscious. Nature is objectively real but cannot maintain its separate existence without the life given to it by both its observers and inhabitants. Nature gives life to everything without which nothing would have life. These truths lead to understanding Nature is alive but might only have a collective unconscious for a mind. Depending on the readers beliefs this may be due to the Creator of life not giving a single physical holding place for consciousness to function. Or it may be because Nature has not evolved enough to have developed an unconscious, let alone a conscious mind. But there may be a more sublime possibility, one which helps explain its symbolic and powerful nature. Nature might be cognisant at the self conscious level of awareness but at a scale unobservable by humans, similar to how cells in a brain exhibit many characteristics of Nature but at a much smaller scale. This is a practical reason, as opposed to the more nebulous reasoning it might at first seem to be. Nature might be too big to be within the human realm of comprehension. And humans might be so small they are outside of Natures ability to grasp. Cells live and die, form into individual types and perform individual functions, attack and defend themselves from other cells, eat and breathe. If the cells veer too far into the expanse of the body they might die from conditions harsh compared to where it was formed. At this time so much space is allotted to the universe as to render numbers hardly meaningful in relation to it, allowing instead only the ruthless application of an equally incomprehensible symbol: the infinite. Beyond the realm of both human comprehension and mathematics, N atures awareness might be found in the infinite. With archaic properties as powerful as these it is no surprise Nature is a strong a hook for symbolism. Still, Nature might only be a symbol for something greater than itself, something that holds the true properties which Nature can only symbolize. Authors who write on the subject seem to allude to not only Nature itself but the power behind it. This seems to refer to a God or Creator. Or it may be a divinity from the complete composition of everything. Authors do not write in consensus of a single Creator but do seem to agree that there is something behind Nature. Not so much religious as spiritual, these writers lead the reader to the conclusion there is a force there. It is a force that Nature is both symbolic and reflective of. Similar attributions can be derived from both this Great Spirit and Nature: living, powerful, dangerous, accepting, and rejecting. Nature may also at the same time, independent of spiritual symbolism, be a symbol of the self. People may go into Nature to reconnect to themselves. We might go to Nature to recharge and get away from artificial lifestyles. To project characteristics of the self onto a hook in psychology is called projecting. This allows for us to hook our own characteristics onto something that is outside us. So Nature could be either a powerful subjective hook which is similar to us in many ways or it might actually posses those traits. Either could be true or both at the same time and still lead people to seek out themselves in Nature as they have always done. Nature dominates. It is a force to challenge the self, allowing for outside experiences representative of internal workings. It waits to dominate or be dominated. Ironically and again consistent in its self contradictory nature, the dominator is waiting for domination. Either created or evolved, Nature remains a battleground to test the self against. It is a force to give meaning to the ability of anyone who puts themselves in its way. To survive a tornado, earthquake or even a night in a tent after roasting marshmallows at a cozy campfire with friends is a symbolic victory of the self over Nature. Nature fulfills a part of the soul which needs to dominate. By accepting this challenge and leaving a much safer civilized city, even for a short period, can give renewed vitality and meaning to life, if you survive. The symbolism of Nature is too expansive to be reduced to a definition any paper is able to give but applied and reasonable thought leads to both some comprehension of Nature and of the divinity it may be a symbol of. People who go to Nature to find themselves will. And people who turn to Nature as a place to recharge their lives with meaning and power will succeed. As long as life exists so will Nature. Although Nature may be damaged by human pollution or other non human events, Nature will live as long as life itself exists. A symbol for life, God and each every individual, it remains a powerful subject for authors, poets and others who have always and will rightfully continue to attribute those symbolic characteristics to Nature.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

The Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

Holden’s Journey   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As we pass through this life it is our duty to discover our destiny. Some of us go to college and become Doctors, Lawyers, Architects. Others of us cherish the finer things in life and find our places on farms and Dude Ranches. The point is, every living creature has a place in this world and we are ultimately steered in its direction. Holden Caulfield’s voyage began when his brother died of Leukemia. Holden was emotionally destroyed by the loss of not only his brother, but his best friend also. The fact that his parents couldn’t accept Holden’s pain and that they even sent him to a shrink for it, proved to Holden that his parents didn’t care as much as they were supposed to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Holden grew up, he found himself flunking out of school after school, never being able to stay in one place. This calamity was caused by either his overwhelmingly powerful hatred for people or because there was a conflict of interest between him and the school itself, about who they were trying to make him. Holden was also starting to view people as who they really were. Many of us in this world accept people at face value and never really take the time to see through the infinite masks that make up a personality, or a first impression. Holden however, took the time to understand who a person really was, and how fake they really were being. This changed his life enormously, as it would anybody’s, because as soon as he could understand how much of a phony a person was being and who they truly were, he didn’t have to feel inferior, scared or cast out by that person. I think these views of life could have actually been caused by his brother’s death. I think that when his brother died, his parents might have become phonies themselves. You must understand that when a parent loses one of their own creations they feel as if they have lost a part of themselves and cannot strive to go on. I think many parents find it easier to conceal their feelings inside of themselves, thus becoming what Holden could view as a phony. He didn’t understand why his parents had to bottle it all up (which he thinks is wrong) and why he was almost punished for expressing his feelings freely (which he feels is the right thing to do).